Rhetoric Quiz

The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion
-Observing HOW you are being persuaded

The study of strategies of using words/imagery to accomplish a purpose (usually to persuade)

Rhetoric is VALUE NEUTRAL; the principles of rhetoric or neither moral nor amoral

Persuading someone you share interests with

Persuading someone to lie to them; your interests are not the same

Speaker, audience, subject, context, aim

Writer/speaker evaluates what they know already and needs to know, investigates perspectives, and determines what kinds of evidence or proofs that seem most useful

Considering the reader's expectations, knowledge, and disposition with regard to the subjects the speaker is discussing

Writer using who they are, what they know and feel, and what they've seen and done to find their attitudes toward a subject and their understanding of a reader

An appeal based on logic or reason

-Offering clear, reasonable premises and proofs, developing ideas with appropriate details, and making sure readers can follow their line of reasoning

Logos is any statement, sentence, or argument that attempts to persuade using facts, and these facts need not be the result of long research. "The facts" of an argument can also be drawn from the speaker's own life or from the world at large that are used to support their argument

Hard evidence, common sense cultural awareness, personal experiences,

Or inartistic proofs: facts, clues, stats, testimonies, witnesses, polls, surveys,

Based on reason and common sense: cultural assumptions, analogy, line of reasoning (formal, informal), precedent, common sense, enthymeme

Claim + reason, essentially a compressed argument

The most powerful appeal; appealing to the emotions and interests of readers so they're more sympathetic with the speaker's ideas

-Building bridges
-Sustaining arguments
-Humor

(Pathos) Making connections/identifying with audience, making logical claims that support your argument if it goes against your audience's beliefs

(Pathos) Making your logical claims stronger and more memorable
-Ex. Obama promoting the Affordable Care Act by talking about his own mother
-Ex. Chanel Miller using her rage to discuss rape culture as a whole

-Hard to say no when you're laughing
-Helps relieve tension in controversial situations
-Use self-deprecation as your concession to admit shortcomings

Writers demonstrating that they are credible, good-willed, and knowledgeable about their subjects
-Authority, trustworthiness, clean motives, affirming identity, sharing values

Explain and analyze info
-Present idea w/ evidence
-Inform
-Ex. textbook, news

Prove/validate an idea or POV to convince audience
-Debatable thesis that proves position
-Persuasion
-Ads, letters of rec

Presents object for audience to visualize and/or experience
-Sensory perception (uses five senses)
-Illustrative, detailed
-Ex. poetry

Tells story/narrates events
-Representing what happened
-Doesn't explain why it happened
-Sequence of events
-Ex. novel, biography

A general term that identifies discourse according to its chief purpose. Includes exposition, argumentation, description, and narration.

Word meaning that is altered from the usual or the expected (all rhetorical terms except diction)

Usually a longer description of something by comparing it to another thing
-Finding my keys is like finding a needle in a haystack

Or metaphor, directly comparing two things with connecting words
-My shoes are as smelly as garbage

Using a negative word to represent a positive statement (usually in the form of a double negative), states a negative to affirm a positive
-She is not unkind
-You won't regret it

A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.
-"Hello darkness, my old friend"

A figure of speech in which a physical part is used for the whole
-"All hands on deck"
-"Give me your ears"
-"I got a new set of wheels"

Substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it
-"Pen is mightier than the sword" (writing is more powerful than conflict)
-"I don't let the suits tell me what to do"

Intentionally describing something to a smaller, less important degree
-"Deserts can be somewhat hot"

Using a title of something instead of a character's actual name to describe them
-"The Bard"
-"The GOAT"
-"The Dark Lord"
"The Philosopher" for Aristotle

When the word order is altered from the usual/expected
-Ex. I am Sam ---> Sam I am

Words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order in a similar form
-ABBA structure
-"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate"
-"When the going gets tough, the tough get going

BALANCE

A flashback that serves to move the story forward in some way
-Ex. Katniss remembers Peeta saving her, thus moving their relationship and the story forward

BALANCE

Repetition of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
-"He was the kind of man who knew what he wanted, who intended to get it, and who allowed nothing to stand in his way"
-"If we are to survive, if we are to have even the hope of surviving, we must end the nuclear race"
-"To know you are right is one thing; to prove it, quite another"
--Balanced sentence, to know and to prove are parallel

BALANCE

Figure of speech that contains two contrasting words or ideas expressed via parallelism of words
-Ex. "We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools"
-Ex. "They promised freedom and provided slavery"

BALANCE

Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause
-Ex. "I am Sam, Sam I am"
-Ex. "While driving, whenever you see a big red hexagon, the big red hexagon means you should stop the car."

REPETITION

Repetition of words derived from the same root. "
-Ex. "But in this desert country, they may see the land being rendered USELESS by OVERUSE."
-Ex. "I struck the intruder and stricken he ceased to intrude"

REPETITION

Repeating a word at the start of multiple sentences or clauses
-Ex. "Go big or go home"
-Ex. "Stay safe, stay well, stay happy"

REPETITION

Figure of speech in which the normal word order of the subject, verb, and object is changed
-Ex. "Atop the tower, she sat for days"
-Ex. "The greatest teacher, failure is"

WORD ORDER

Word/phrase used to rename or re-describe another noun
-Ex. "Elliott, my friend from school, had a great summer vacation"
-Ex. "My friend Elliott, the musician, is playing a gig tonight"

A figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses
-Ex. "Covered themselves in dust and glory" (covered is applied)
-Ex. "He held her hand and his tongue"

OMISSION

Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
-Ex. "I came, I saw, I conquered"

OMISSION

Deliberate use of many conjunctions, stylistic choice
-Ex. "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom"
-Ex. "I like the Beatles and Bob Dylan and Slowdive and Elliott Smith and Sonic Youth and Nirvana and Miles Davis and Hole and the Yardbirds and Heatmiser and Radiohead and Led Zeppelin

A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life
-Ex. "Honesty is the best policy"

When the structure/context of a sentence makes its meaning unclear and open to multiple interpretations
-Ex. "I saw her duck"
-Ex. "John was cold, whereas Paul was rather warm"

Feelings, emotions, or images associated with a word
-Ex. "Home" referring to a place that's safe and comfortable

Literal, dictionary definition
-Ex. "Home" referring to where you actually live

A writer's attitude toward their subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase
-Ex. "Deafening silence"
-Ex. "The Delta Help Desk"

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.
-Ex. "If I know one thing, it's that I know nothing"

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
-Ex. "Elliott haphazardly trudged on stage"
--"Haphazardly, Elliott trudged on stage"

A writer's or speaker's choice or style of words
Ex. "Dress" vs "gown"
Ex. "Skinny" vs "scrawny"

A subject performs an action onto an object
-Subject, action, object
-Somebody accused me of stealing the money
-Rosalind Franklin discovered the subject of DNA

Object has an action performed on it by a subject
-Object, action, subject
-A photographer was shot in the eye
-This copy was made by one of the msot famous forgers in the world

-Helps concentrate on important information by putting it at the beginning of the sentence
-To sound more impersonal