peds powerpoints

Inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production that obstructs the lower airways.\

Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.\

Audible expiratory wheezes with a prolonged expiratory phase; inspiratory wheezes may occur in severe cases.\

Impending respiratory failure.\

Inflammation of the lower airways caused by viral infection, commonly presenting with tachypnea and wheezing.\

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).\

Children younger than 2 years.\

Winter.\

Their bronchioles have a small diameter, so inflammation can significantly restrict airflow.\

The airway obstruction is caused primarily by viral inflammation rather than bronchospasm.\

Ventilatory support with humidified oxygen and rapid transport for physician evaluation.\

Nebulized Ventolin to attempt to reduce respiratory distress.\

An acute infection of the lower airway and lungs involving the alveolar walls or alveoli.\

Decreased breath sounds in the affected area, fever, chest pain, localized rales, localized or diffuse rhonchi, and tachypnea.\

Stabilization of the airway and oxygenation.\

Assisted ventilation using a bag-valve device or tracheal intubation.\

A condition in which oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of body tissues.\

Yes. Shock may occur with increased, normal, or decreased blood pressure.\

Compensated shock and decompensated shock.\

Shock without hypotension, in which physiological responses temporarily counter critical abnormalities.\

It shunts blood away from the periphery, increases heart rate, and increases vascular tone.\

Shock in which the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer sufficient to maintain perfusion, resulting in hypotension.\

Hypotension, tachycardia, poor peripheral perfusion, and altered appearance.\

It is a late and ominous sign of shock.\

Approximately 5–6%, or 50–60 mL/kg.\

Approximately 7–8%, or 70–80 mL/kg.\

Their total circulating blood volume is much lower than an adult's, despite a greater blood volume per kilogram.\

Approximately 2%, according to the example in the slides.\

Approximately 15–20%, potentially resulting in shock.\

They have a large body surface area relative to their body weight.\

It makes resuscitation and drug therapy less effective.\

Use blankets, cover the child's head with towels, and use warming devices for IV fluids.\

Level of consciousness, eye contact, recognition of family members, agitation, and anxiety.\

Capillary refill in children under 6 years, colour, moisture, temperature, and turgor.\

Colour and moisture.\

Dehydration from vomiting and diarrhea, blood loss from trauma or internal bleeding, and intravascular volume depletion from burns.\

Vomiting, diarrhea, poor fluid intake, fever, and burns.\

Ask the parents or use a pediatric resuscitation tape or wheel.\

Distributive shock that occurs after exposure to a substance causing a severe allergic reaction.\

Antibiotic agents, foods, and insect stings.\

Antigen exposure causes histamine release, leading to peripheral vasodilation and leakage of intravascular fluid into the interstitial space.\

Rapid-onset hives, allergic rash or erythema, upper airway obstruction, dyspnea, signs of shock, and gastrointestinal distress.\

Hypoxia, acidosis, hypotension, and structural heart disease.\

Sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, and asystole.\

No. They are uncommon but can occur.\

A heart rate below 60 beats/min, or a rapidly dropping heart rate, associated with poor systemic perfusion despite adequate oxygenation and ventilation.\

Hypoxemia, acidosis, hypotension, hypoglycemia, CNS injury, and excessive vagal stimulation.\

Ensure adequate breathing and provide supplemental oxygen.\

Electrical activity is present on the ECG, but no detectable pulse is present.\

A slow, wide-complex rhythm with electrical activity other than ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, but no detectable pulse.\

Hypovolemia, hypoxemia, hypothermia, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, hydrogen ion excess (acidosis), and hypoglycemia.\

Tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, toxins, and thromboembolus.\

CPR and drug therapy with epinephrine, while identifying and correcting reversible causes where possible.\

No. Defibrillation is not effective for PEA or asystolic arrest.\

Identifying and treating the underlying cause.\

Congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, drug toxicity, metabolic causes such as hypoglycemia, and hypothermia.\

Immediate defibrillation and CPR.\

Inflammation of the fluid-containing membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.\

Bacterial or viral infection.\

It can rapidly cause permanent brain damage, impaired vision or hearing, neurological dysfunction, or death.\

Approximately 10–15%.\

Children aged 6 months to 2 years.\

Immediately after birth and again between 3 and 8 months of age.\

A child who initially appears healthy can become seriously ill within one day.\

Decreased liquid intake, vomiting, irritability, lethargy, fever, bulging fontanelle, and seizures.\

Nausea and vomiting, headache, photophobia, fever, altered mental status, lethargy, seizures, and neck stiffness or pain.\

The knees are automatically brought toward the body when the neck is bent forward, or bending causes pain in the legs.\

Inability to straighten the lower legs when the thigh is flexed on the abdomen.\

A petechial or purpuric rash.\

Supportive care and universal precautions.\

Apply a surgical mask to both the patient and the medic.\

Seizure control or IV fluid replacement.\

An episode of sudden abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in motor, sensory, or autonomic function, often with abnormal behaviour or altered consciousness.\

Noncompliance with epilepsy medication, head trauma, intracranial infection, brain tumour, metabolic disturbance, and poisoning.\

Fever.\

A seizure associated with fever without evidence of intracranial infection or another definable cause.\

6 months to 5 years.\

Approximately 2–5%.\

Approximately 30%.\

Between 9 and 20 months.\

In approximately 60% of cases.\

Viral infections, especially upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, roseola, otitis media, and other febrile illnesses.\

Seizure intensity is not related to the severity of the fever.\

During a rapid rise in body temperature.\

Less than 5 minutes.\

Uncomplicated and short.\

The postictal state and blood glucose.\

Airway management, ventilatory and circulatory support, airway positioning, suctioning, oxygen administration, and repeated assessment of ventilation.\

Respiratory rate and depth.\

When the airway cannot be maintained with manual manoeuvres.\

Previous seizures, number of seizures in the current episode, and duration of seizure activity.\

From the onset of symptoms until clonic activity stops.\

From loss of consciousness until consciousness returns.\

From loss of consciousness or the start of motor activity or automatisms until the child becomes responsive.\

Areas of the body involved, where the seizure began, positional changes, duration of tonic and clonic phases, and any areas with absent movement or muscle tone.\

Recent illness, possible toxic ingestion, possible head injury, significant medical problems, recent headache or stiff neck, medication use, and anticonvulsant compliance.\

It may indicate an underlying condition such as intracranial infection.\

A single seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, or two or more seizures within a 5-minute period without returning to normal between them.\

Provide airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support; measure blood glucose; and obtain vascular access.\

An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.\

An excessive response to glucose absorption, illness, physical exertion, or decreased dietary intake.\

An excessive insulin dose, a delayed or missed meal, or vigorous physical activity.\

Decreased level of consciousness and seizure activity.\

An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.\

Glucose cannot enter cells adequately, so it accumulates in the blood.\

Dehydration, diabetic ketoacidosis, and coma.\

An insulin dose that is too small relative to food intake, failure to take insulin, illness, or a malfunctioning insulin-delivery system such as an insulin pump.\

Increased thirst (polydipsia), increased hunger (polyphagia), increased urination (polyuria), and weight loss.\

Weakness, abdominal pain, generalized aches, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and signs of dehydration.\

Altered mental status or lethargy, fruity breath odour, tachypnea, hyperventilation, and tachycardia.\

Kussmaul's respirations and coma.\

Exposure to a toxic substance that can cause harmful effects, whether the exposure is unintentional or intentional.\

Toddlers and preschool-age children.\

Recreational drug use and suicide attempts.\

Acetaminophen, alcohol, anticholinergics, aspirin, barbiturates, cold medicines, corrosives, digitalis, beta-blockers, hydrocarbons, narcotics, inhaled organic solvents, organophosphates, sedatives, and vitamins, especially iron.\

They depend on the toxic substance and the time elapsed since exposure.\

Ensure adequate airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support; contact medical direction and poison control for specific treatment; and transport associated pills, substances, and containers with the child.\

No. Vomiting should not be induced in the prehospital setting.\

They are available for only a few types of poisoning and work by reversing or blocking the effects of ingested toxins.\

What substance was involved, when exposure occurred, how much was involved, and whether vomiting occurred.\

Bring samples or take photographs of the plant when possible.\

Their contents can cause caustic burns to the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.\

They can burn through a child's esophagus in as little as 2 hours, potentially requiring surgery and prolonged feeding or breathing support, or causing death.\

A 20 mm, 3-volt lithium coin cell.\

Blunt and penetrating trauma.\

Falls, motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian-vehicle collisions, drowning or submersion, penetrating injuries, burns, and abuse.\

Children younger than 4 years.\

The size and depth of the burn, the presence of inhalation injury, and the nature of any other injuries.\

Hot-water scalds, pots of hot liquid pulled from stoves, lighters or matches, fireplaces, fire pits, barbeque grills, caustic cleaners, and objects inserted into electrical outlets.\

The Rule of Nines for adolescents, a modified Rule of Nines for younger children, and the Rule of Palms.\

A mechanism or pattern that does not match the history or the child's developmental capabilities, clear demarcation lines, or burns on the buttocks.\

An irregular configuration.\

Their heads have a larger relative mass and their neck muscles are less developed, producing increased momentum.\

Head injury.\

Diffuse head injuries are common, while focal injuries are rare.\

They are more compliant.\

They may tolerate increased intracranial pressure more readily until 12–18 months of age.\

Significant blood loss can occur through scalp lacerations.\

The Modified Glasgow Coma Scale.\

Elevated blood pressure, bradycardia, irregular respirations progressing to Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and a bulging fontanelle in infants.\

Asymmetrical pupils and abnormal posturing.\

The flexible chest wall can transmit force to internal structures without causing rib fractures or obvious external injury.\

Severe pulmonary contusion.\

It is poorly tolerated and is an immediate threat to life.\

Possible child abuse.\

Hypotension.\

A congenital heart defect in which a coronary artery arises from an abnormal location, potentially passing between the aorta and pulmonary artery.\

The coronary artery may be compressed between the aorta and pulmonary artery during exercise.\

Chest pain during exercise or unexplained dizziness or syncope during exercise.\

Chest pain during exercise is a concern; the slides state that chest pain at rest is not AAOCA.\

A 56% chance of survival.\

Their abdominal musculature is minimal and provides poor protection for the viscera.\

The liver, kidneys, and spleen.\

Assess one quadrant at a time because the abdomen is small.\

Abdominal injury until proven otherwise.\

Abdominal bruising or ecchymosis.\

An incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone breaks while the other side bends.\

It resembles a young green branch that bends and splinters without breaking completely.\

Maintain an in-line or neutral position.\

For older children and adults.\

Place padding under the shoulders.\

Jaw-thrust positioning and suctioning.\

Supine, unless positioned in an infant carrier, and immobilized in a neutral in-line position.\

Use a backboard with a recess for the head or place padding under the back from the shoulders to the buttocks.\

The sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year in which a thorough autopsy fails to identify an adequate cause of death.\

Between 2 and 4 months of age.\

Prone sleeping, soft or bulky blankets and objects, soft sleeping surfaces, and exposure to tobacco smoke.\

A seemingly healthy infant is put down for a nap and later found dead in bed.\

Lividity, frothy blood-tinged drainage from the nose and mouth, and rigor mortis; most cases have no external signs of injury.\

Recent illnesses, chronic conditions, medications, trauma, and the presence of pillows, stuffed toys, window-blind cords, or sheepskin that could suggest suffocation.\

No. Its cause remains unknown.\

External suffocation, regurgitation or aspiration of vomitus, hereditary factors, and allergies.\

Immaturity of the CNS after a prenatal event, idiopathic apnea, brainstem abnormalities, upper airway obstruction, hyperactive upper airway reflexes, cardiac conduction disorders, abnormal responses to hypoxia, hypercarbia or hyperthermia, and altered fat metabolism.\

Problems with arousal from sleep, detection of low oxygen, or response to carbon dioxide buildup.\

By excluding other causes of death.\

Smooth muscle thickening in small pulmonary arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy, thought to follow hypoxia and pulmonary vascular constriction.\

Be compassionate and nonjudgmental, use the infant's name, provide emotional support, and recognize that families will look to responders for answers.\

Proceed with resuscitation.\

It demonstrates that everything possible is being done to help the child.\

Avoid comments or questions that imply suspicion of improper child care.\

Determining the cause of death is not the EMS crew's duty.\

Carefully observe the scene and document all findings objectively, accurately, and completely.\

Advise medical direction and other authorities according to protocol.\

A range of emotional reactions; discussion with others involved and available counselling or formal debriefing may help.\

Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.\

Higher caregiver stress, drug and alcohol abuse, and domestic violence.\

No. It occurs across all socioeconomic levels.\

Instincts supported by scene assessment, focused history, and physical examination.\

The duty to report overrides other provincial statutes, including provisions that would otherwise prohibit disclosure.\

No. It extends to any child encountered during professional duties.\

No. Abuse can occur in different circumstances, and environmental clues, assessment findings, or statements may indicate possible abuse.\

Unexplained injuries, discrepant history, delays in seeking medical care, and repeated episodes of suspicious injuries.\

Take the statement seriously, advise medical direction, and contact the proper authorities.\

Burns involving both hands, feet, or buttocks, including circular burns restricted to the buttocks.\

They may be incompatible with an accidental fall or stepping into a tub of hot water.\

Human bites often appear as two joined C-shapes, while dog bites tend to have a more oval or U-shaped pattern.\

Possible sexual assault.\

Brain injury.\

Cerebral contusions, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and subdural or epidural hematomas.\

Acceleration-deceleration forces tear bridging cerebral veins, causing bleeding into the subdural space.\

Social services and medical personnel may use it to assess abuse, and it may be important evidence in criminal prosecution and trial testimony.\

Carefully document statements made by the patient, family members, or caregivers and report relevant findings.\

Provide compassionate support, never imply the child is responsible, and avoid making the child feel that discussing the event is inappropriate.\

A paramedic of the same sex as the child.\

Children born prematurely, children with altered function from birth, and children with chronic or acute lung, heart, or CNS disease.\

Tracheostomy tubes, home artificial ventilators, central venous lines, gastrostomy tubes, and shunts.\

They may be experts in the child's condition and equipment, and their knowledge and experience are valuable.\

A surgically created airway bypass at the level of the trachea in which the larynx is no longer connected to the trachea.\

Obstruction, air leak, bleeding, dislodgment, and infection.\

Inadequate ventilation.\

Within 24 hours of surgery.\

Aseptic technique and respiratory support.\

Clear the tube with sterile water or saline, or remove and reinsert it.\

Tracheal suctioning using sterile technique.\

To help a child breathe by simulating normal movement of the diaphragm and thoracic cage.\

Machine malfunction or alarms, airway obstruction, and respiratory distress.\

Treat the patient rather than troubleshoot the machine, and do not adjust ventilator settings.\

For prolonged and frequent access to the venous circulation for drug or fluid therapy.\

Implanted medication delivery devices such as Port-a-cath, peripheral vascular access devices such as PICCs or Intracaths, and central venous access devices such as Broviac, Groshong, or Hickman lines.\

Cracking, air embolism, bleeding, obstruction, local infection, and accidental dislodgment or removal.\

To temporarily provide liquid feeding to a patient who cannot swallow or absorb nutrients.\

Through the nose or mouth into the stomach.\

A surgically placed tube that provides a long-term route for feeding directly into the stomach.\

In the upper left quadrant.\

The opening that allows regular feeding and may contain a flexible silicone button covered with a protective cap.\

Obstruction, pulmonary aspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, mucous membrane irritation, and electrolyte imbalances.\

They can result in inadequate nutrition and fluid needs.\

A surgically implanted tube or device that redirects body fluid from one cavity or vessel to another.\

To relieve abnormal pressure caused by excess cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.\

Two catheters, a reservoir, and a valve that prevents backflow.\

The ventricles of the brain.\

Into another body cavity, usually the abdomen, or into the right atrium of the heart through the jugular vein.\

Under the scalp over the mastoid area, just behind the ear.\

The need for catheter replacement as the child grows, obstruction from clotted blood or fluid, catheter displacement, and infection.\

Within the first 6 months after surgical placement.\

Signs of increased intracranial pressure, including headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances, especially limited extraocular movements.\

Cushing's triad: elevated systolic blood pressure, irregular respirations, and bradycardia.\

Emergency surgery may be required to prevent brainstem herniation, and the child is at risk of respiratory arrest.\

Ensure adequate airway, ventilatory, and circulatory support; transport immediately; and elevate the head during transport if possible.

Their anatomy, physiology, and psychology change throughout development.

Apgar score.

American Heart Association (AHA).

120–160 bpm.

40–60 breaths/min.

30–40 breaths/min.

3–3.5 kg (approximately 6–8 lb).

5–10% of body weight.

By the second week of life.

5–6 oz per week.

Through stereotyped reflexes.

Breathing, eating, and responses to stress or discomfort.

16–18 hours.

Through their nose.

Their ribs are positioned horizontally.

Physiological distress.

Respiratory problems, jaundice, vomiting, fever, sepsis, meningitis, and prematurity-related problems.

2–12 months.

Between 4 and 6 months.

Between 9 and 12 months.

It approximately doubles.

It gradually slows.

It begins to increase.

Development of mature nerves.

Approximately 25%

Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems.

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Dehydration.

Seizures.

Sepsis, meningitis, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Bronchiolitis and croup.

Foreign body airway obstruction.

Physical injury, falls, motor vehicle crashes, abuse, and neglect.

1–3 years.

Approximately 2 kg (4 lb)

Both increase.

Approximately 2 years.

Gross motor skills, such as walking, and fine motor skills, such as stacking blocks.

Between 2 and 3 years.

By approximately 2 years.

Toddlers have limited reasoning and poorly developed cause-and-effect understanding.

Rapid development, with basic language skills mastered by age 3.

Fear or distress around unfamiliar people.

Recognition of sex differences and modelling after same-gender individuals.

Asthma, bronchiolitis, foreign body aspiration, and croup.

Vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

Febrile seizures.

They are learning to walk and develop motor skills.

Unsafe environments without adequate supervision or barriers.

Accidental ingestion of poisonous substances.

Physical or sexual abuse, drowning, and motor vehicle crashes.

3–5 years.

3–6 years.

Verbally, interactively, and in plain language.

Use their curiosity and desire to cooperate.

Gross and fine motor skills.

Through peer relationships and imaginative play.

It encourages problem-solving and cognitive development.\

Thermal burns, pedestrian accidents, submersion incidents, and drowning.\

They are curious, explore their environment, and have limited awareness of danger.\

6–12 years.\