Research Methods: Study Types and Sources

casual question posed about cause of phenomenon
hypothesis: potential explanation to the casual question
theory, broader explanation that is well-tested and on which the hypothesis is based
experiement to test the hypothese with independent and dependent variables prediction: if/then statement that states the outcome of an experiment given that a hypothesis is true
conclusion: statement of whether or not the hypothesis has been supported by experiement

measures if a change in one variable corresponds to a change in another variable. researches obtain important preliminary information, but cannot conclude correlation means causation

type of study that tests one hypothesis with a control group across all the treatements to account for unseen variables

stories of peoples experience, very little data

information from researchers themselvse that go through a rigorous peer-review process for publicaiton in scientific journals

compliations or summaries of other researcher's work i.e. textbooks, news articles

data and observations gathered through systematic objective methods to support or challenge hypothesis or theory. must be repeatable

number of protons in an element

sum of number of protons and number of neutrons

measure of an atoms attraction to electrions. It increases as the atom gets closer to a full outer shell. it decreases as an atom gets larger

formed as a result of sharing one or more pairs of electrons. polar if the sharing is uneven, and the more electronegative atom with have a negative charge while the less electronegative atom will have a positive charge. polar bonds dissolve in water

electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

different number of neutrons than protons, atomic mass will be different

attracted to water because they are charged or polar

do not associate with water because they are nonpolar or non-charged

have both hydrophilic parts and hydrophobic parts

require energy and have a positive change in energy (line ends higher than start)

release energy, have a negative change in energy (line ends lower than start)

anything foreign that enters an organism

antigen that consists of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material (either DNA or RNA). some viruses have an additional lipid membrane or envelope outside the protien coat

virus inserts itself into host and produce symptoms immediately by replicating themselves

viruses insert themslves into a host genome to hide and infect the host rom within its own dna, causing symptoms down the roade

antibodies produced by the body, antibiotics

single-celled organisms with no nucleus. they have DNA, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes. some have additional lipid-rich capsule and are gram-negative. without capsule it is gram-positive

introduce the body to a weakened or dead form of pathogen, prompts body to make antibodies and memory cells to provide immunity

g1: cell grows and prepares for replication
s: synthesis, dna is replicated
g2: checkpoint before replication

initiation of mitosis, chromosomes condense and envelope breaks down

chromosomes are lines up and each sister chromatid attached to spindle fiber

cell division, chromosomes are separated and moved to opposite ends of the cell

end of mitosis, chromosomes separated into two cells

speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy. they are substrate specific and are named ending in -ase

interphase
meiosis 1 (PMAT I - homologous pairs of chromosomes near each other, line up two by two, 2n -> n, crossing over during pI for genetic variation)
meiosis 2 (PMAT II - essentially mitosis on haploid cell with sister chromatids separating)

monomers or polymers(many combined monomers)

monomer of protiens

is sucrose/simple carbs are a monomer of polysaccharides (starch/complex carbohydrates)

fats, do not have monomers
saturated fats have single hydrogen bonds, can pack their tails and remain solid at room temp
unsaturated fats have double hydrogen bonds, liquid at room temp

nucleus with dna, cytoplasm, organells including ribosomes (making protiens) and mitochondira (energy production), lipid bilayer membranes to move things inside and outside

nucleus with dna, cytoplasm, organells including ribosomes (making protiens) and mitochondira (energy production), chloroplasts (photosynthesis), cell walls for support, lipid bilayer membranes to move things inside and outside.

movement of molecules through a membrane and down a concentration gradient (more to less concentrated)

requires energy or atp to move molecules up a concentration gradient (less to more concentrated)

solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than the cell. water moves into the cell

higher concentration of dissolved particles than the cell. water will move out of the cell

equal movement of water as concentrations are equal

outward trait or characteristic

alternate forms of a gene that code for a phenotype

set of alleles in an organism (homozygous memes same allele, heterozygous means two different alleles)

alleles are recessive or dominant. a recessive allele is masked by a dominant allele,

neither allele is dominant and a heterozygous individual shows a blended phenotype

chromosomes that code for the same genes in the same order, though alleles may be different

number of copies of each unique chromosome in a cell

diploid contains two copies of each unique chromosome, haploid contains one set of chromosomes

allele pairs separate independently from other allele pairs during the formation of gametes
genes on the same chromosome violate this law, produce phenotype proportions different from expected

separation of alleles during gamete formation, only one allele for a gene is passed down from each parent

both alleles are dominant and show up in phenotype
example blood

on the x or y chromosomes. if x-linked, males are much more commonly affected because they only have one x chromosome

how environmental and behavioral factors influence gene expression without changing DNA sequence

helicase brakes open dna strand
rna primers are added to strands, then dna polymerase adds on dna nucleotides
primers are removed and dna is sealed off to make an exact copy

heat up dna to break strands
add primers using Taq polymerase
replicate dna given a sample

cut up dna at a palindrome sequence
gel electrophoresis (dna moves through gel to separate by length, shorter length goes further

transcription: helicase breaks open dna, rna polymerase adds on amino acids to create mrna. the transcript in rna will have the same pattern as coding strand, but Ts become Us. template strand is complement to coding strand, mrna builds off of that. template strand is the template for making a copy of the coding strand

translation: rna to protien, uses mran to code for amino acids in the ribosome, creates polypeptides

changes one amino acid to another

changes amino acid to code for a stop codon

insertion or deletion changes entire strand

switches a single letter but it still codes for same acid