1What did Eckert suggest and when?
Exclusive language develops discourse community
2006
2Who suggested specialised jargon establishes bonds between members and enforces boundaries for outsiders and when?
Spolsky
1998
3What did Kollataj suggest and when?
Jargon is NOT stigmatised which makes it very powerful
2009
4What is Koester's theory and when?
*Phatic talk*
Discourse which is orientated to address +ive face needs
Builds and maintains relationships
Increases friendliness and productivity in workplace
2004
5What did Drew and Heritage investigate and when?
Key differences between everyday conversation and workplace talk
1992
6What are the 6 key differences between everyday language and workplace talk?
Goal orientation
Turn taking rules or restrictions
Allowable contributions
Professional lexis
Structure
Asymmetry
7Explain asymmetry in workplace
One speaker often has more power
Eg. doctor and patient, boss and employee
8Explain goal orientation in workplace
Pps usually focus on specific tasks of goals (may differ from clients)
9What did Holmes find and when? (occupation topic)
2 leadership styles:
Authoritative
Facilitator
2009
10Features of authoritative style
Agenda followed closely
Active roles on allocating turns
Colleagues address responses to leader
11Features of facilitator style
Encourage members to participate and come up with topics
Social talk and humour
Importance of collaboration and cooperation
12Who defined the 3 types of power and when?
Thomas and Wareing
1999
13What are the 3 types of power?
Political
Personal
Social group
14Define *personal power*
Specifically in workplace, as long as work place is not political
15Define *political power*
Ability to control behaviour of people and/or influence the outcome of events.
Enables people / groups to control policies, functions and culture of society
16Define *social group power*
Power held by those due to social variables, such as age, gender, class etc.
17What did Kraus and Keltner do and when?
Investigated impact of social classes on language use (looked at social group power)
Videos of 50 convos between strangers
2009
18Kraus and Keltner results
Wealthier = more distracted, more fidgeting
Less wealthy = more attentive, more effort
19What did Kraus and Keltner conclude?
Wealthier ppl don't feel need to make good impression as their social class already provides social support
Less wealthy try to improve their social standing by being attentive
20What did Van Dijk suggest?
Ppl create asymmetrical relationships
Power determined by idiolect and societal roles
21Who suggested differences in social prestige, wealth and power are some of the most important sociolinguistic divisions which impact language and when?
Gregory Guy
1988
22What did Lukes suggest and when?
*Power used to dominate* (not always negative as it can be productive)
eg. teacher and student, police officer and victim
1974
23What did Goffman find and when?
Ppl want to present themselves in a certain way in different contexts
1967
24Who created *face theory* and when?
Goffman
1955
25Who defined *face-threatening act* and when?
Brown and Levison
1987
26Define *face-threatening act*
Speech act that has potential to damage someone's self-esteem
27What did Friginal investigate and when?
Differences in language between staff and customers in a call centre
2009
28What did Friginal find?
*Staff:*
2nd person pronouns
Imperative "let's"
Present tense
Specialised, technical terms
Politeness markers
Low use of hedges and vague language
*Customers:*
1st person pronouns
Past tense
Interrogatives
Informal lexis
Short responses
29Which theorists investigated power within politics and when?
Chilton and Schaffner
1997
30What were the 4 things they found were including in political language?
Coercion
Resistance, opposition and protest
Legitimation and delegitimation
Representation and misrepresentation
31Define *coercion*
Forceful power through laws / policies / rules etc.
Power through status
32Define *resistance, opposition and protest*
Lower status/less powerful groups can be overt in their assertion of power
33Define *legitimation*
To deserve consented power in a democracy, those elected must be seen to have the fundamental knowledge and understanding for the role
34Define *delegitimation*
Method to try and discredit someone through an attack of moral character, blame or exclusion
35Define *representation and misrepresentation*
The extent to which info is factual (politicians often use euphemisms to avoid acknowledging truth)
36What did Chilton suggest about representation and misrepresentation and when?
The control of info is crucial when considering who holds political power
2004
37Who investigated laughter in the workplace and when?
Kangasharju and Nikko
2009
38What did Kangasharju and Nikko do?
Conversation analysis
Analysed joint laughter in leader-member meetings in the workplace
39What did researchers find about laughter in the workplace?
Used for...
- improve collegiality
- mutual understanding of closing down a topic/phase
- reduce tension in challenging/sensitive situations
- improve task performance and achievement of goals