Culture and Society: Key Definitions

Is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models,the books they read and the speeches they hear.

It is the learned and shared behaviour of a community of interacting human beings

A system of beliefs, assumptions and values shared by a group of people

Shared patterns of behaviours and interaction, cognitive contructs and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE (CHASE AND SHAMO,2013)

A korean -born infant was adopted soon after birth and raised in USA, he will think and act differently from his relatives who grew up in seoul

A Filipino-born 30 years old chef in rom, who left the Philippines at eight to live with his naturalized Italian parents, may still have some filipino traits if his parents practice these at home but will behave more like an Italian because of exposure.

We act as members of our own cultural group not as an individual. fitting into the group means acceptance and fellowship.

We are sorrounded by cultural norms that affect language, religion,basic world view, education, technology, organization, politics and law all interacting with one another.

People in every culture cook their food, ornament their bodies, amuse themselves, and educate their children but are done differently.

Cultures constantly change as cultural contact increases,new technology emerge and economic conditions vary.

We belong to multiple, overlapping cultures as we interact with one another.some of these cultures work together while others clash.

Boys are embarassed if mistaken as girls, so they live up to the masculine idea.

A place where people of various races or cultures live together and gradually create one community.

WAYS OF ADAPTATION

-Often losing the aspects of their traditional culture in the process.

Happens when immigrants voluntarily adopt voluntarily adopt their new country's language and cultural practices.

Cultural diversity is encouraged and valued.

Cultures should be accorded special acknowledgement of their differences within a dominant political culture.

Engagement with and respect toward people from distinctly different cultures(Gamble and gamble,2013)

Accommodation in the public sphere while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere (cultural accommodation and Negotiation, 2017)with

Maintaining their cultural identity even while they strive to establish relationships with the members of the dominant culture.

Refusing to interact or join the dominant culture.

Prefers to interact with the members of their own culture.

OFTEN KNOWN AS OUTSIDER

NATURAL OF COMMUNICATION CULTURAL DIFFERENCES(FOUR BASIC TRAITS)

Power of influence

Individual and group orientation

Group Allegiance:

Use personal characteristics and achievements to define themselves ahd value individual welfare.

Group Allegiance:

Define themselves as members of groups, which can be clans or communities.In these coltures people consider common goals and the group's welfare most important (Adler,1997.)

Task commitment:

The information is already in the person,while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message.

Information is vested in the explicit code

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION(Mckeiver, 2013; Chase and Shamo,2013)

BARRIERS:

Usually defined as a kind of ethic or cultural group egocentrism, which involves a belief in the superiority of One's own group, including its values and practices, and often contempt, hatred and hostility towards those outside the group.

"Pictures in our heads."(lippman,1992 in Zhang,2009)
-Giving of certain attributes, labels, or stigmas to groups or classes.

one of the Barriers:

Refers to a primary negative perception or irrational judgement
-Created by individuals on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion,cast or language.

Sometimes people Assume that two cultures are not different,but are similar in their nature. for instance, if an Arab prefers to drink coffee instead of tea then others assume that coffee is a popular drink in UAE. This is not always true as people from different cultures have different preferences. The preference of a person or a group of people does not reflect the entire culture(Ivypanda,2020).

A state of human condition where a person has feeling of unease and nervousnes. It is even sometimes associated with the feeling of an unrealistic fear.

True or false

The preference of a person or a group of people does not reflect the entire culture.

This term is refers to particular varieties or styles of speaking and writing which vary in their degrees of formality depending on the topic (what), purpose(why),context(where), audience (who)(Register,2017)

It rarely never changes (laws, policies)

Impersonal and one-way in nature(news, reports, official speeches)

This is the normal style of speaking between communicators who use mutually accepted language that conforms to formal societal standards (teacher and student, doctor and patient).

Informal language between peers, friends which uses alang, vulgarities and colloquialism (conversations,chat, tweets,personal letters).

this is the private intimate language reserved for family members or intimate people (girlfriend and boyfriend, siblings,parent and child).

World englishes refer to?

kachru's(1985)

three concentric circles by kachru's (1985)

Presents the countries where english is used as a native language and as a first language among people.These countries include the USA,UK,CANADA, AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

Includes countries that have old historical British colonial relations and where English is commonly used in social life or the government sectors. Most of the countries that belong to this circle are former colonies of the British Empire, such as 1.) India 2.) Malaysia. 3.) Singapore 4.) Ghana 5.) kenya 6.)and others.

Includes countries that introduce English as a foreign language in schools and universities mostly for communicating in English with the inner and Outer circles. Such countries include Turkey, Saudi Arabia,Japan ,china,korea and others.

INNER CIRCLE

OUTER CIRCLE

EXPANDING CIRCLE

Maintaining their cultural identity even while they strive to stablish relationships with the members of the dominant culture.

Task commitment:

-People are deeply involved with each other.

Task commitment:

-Information is widely shared through simple messages with deep meaning.

People are deeply involved with each other

Information is widely shared through simple messages with deep meaning Communication

Communication style is more implicit and indirect

Highly individualized, and There is relatively little involvement with others.

Communication between people is more explicit, direct and non-personal.

If there is an easy understanding between communicators, the context is assumed to be?

It pertains to communication across culturs?

Is Written standard Philippine English does not vary syntactically from other standard versions, and because its domains of use are more limited than those of Singapore English it has not developed the lectal range and exotic syntax of colloquial Singapore English.

In the Philippines, code-switching between English and the local language is extensively used by urban Filipinos comfortable in both languages. Therefore, it is hard to tell what is simply Tagalog and what is borrowed into English. Nevertheless one can identify local lexicalizations (CRORE words)

Code-mixing English and Tagalog is a characteristic way for educated people to vary style. the following extract gives No.10 of ten things i like about the US.

Are used as lingua franca for trade or any other practical interaction (Mooney and Evans,2015). It uses words from the languages of both communicators to understand each other, but it is not the language of either communicator.

The language that providing vocabulary is the?

The language that provides syntactic structure is called the?

After an extended use of a pidgin in a community, it becomes a?

IT does not contain any difficult elements. If the input language has cluster for instance then these re simplified

This is always analytic in type. by this is meant that There is almost a one-to-one relationship between words and morphemes.