AVS 306 Exam 3 Forage Edition

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forages are grown to feed

herbivores

Three chracteristics of nutrients

1. bulky
2. high fiber
3. low digestibility

Forages are bulky and therefore these three things result

1. low desnity
2. animal is full
3. fewer nutrients consmed

1 cow needs how many acres of forages

4-5

low digestiblity of forage means that they are given to

low requirement animals

From high quality to low quality, this is how good forage is (5)

1. corn silagee
2. alfalfa
3. good grass hay
4. mature grass hay
5. crop residue

Three cell wall components

1. NDF
2. ADF
3. lignin

If NDF is high is means that a ruminat can't

digest as much

ADF determines what (2)

1. energy level
2. digestibility of forage

If ADF is high it means that forage is

less digestible

lignin indicates what

plant maturity

Two things that makes lignin and source of forage to keep at low levels

1. indigestible
2. comlex cellulose and hemicellulose

NDS is

Nutrient Detergent Solubles

NDSC is what

nutrient Detergent soluble carbohydrates

For ruminants, increased NDF means

decreased intake

DM Intake as a % of BW - what

120/NDF%

Two examples of legumes

alfalfa and clover

legumes fix atmospheric N with what

microbes in the roots

Since legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen they can make their own what

protein

Legumes are high in these two things

CP and vitamin A

How many cuttings can you get form legumes

3 to 4

Legumes induce bloat by

foaming rumen fluid

Estrogens in legumes influence what

reproduction

This type of forage is non-leguminous, graminoid, and require less management

grasses

Cool season grasses grow when

spring and fall

Three qualitities of grasses

1. better grazing
2. higher quality
3. dormant in the summer

Warm season grasses have these two qualities

1. productive in long hot days
2. native grasses in the south

Do legumes or grasses have better crude protein

legume

Do legumes or grasses have more cell wall %

grass

Do legumes or grasses have a better response to maturity

legume

Do legumes or grasses have more energy

they're about the same

do legumes or grasses have a problem with bloat

legumes

Tall fescue is what type of grass

cool season

Tall fescue is very tolerant of poor conditions, such as these three things

1. fertility
2. drought
3. overgrazing

Tall fescue is supported by this during heat stress

endophyte fungus

Two negative of tall fescue

1. unproductive in summer
2. fescue toxicosis

Fescue toxicosis is caused by what

endohpyte fungus

Fescue toxicosis causes what two thins

1. heat stress
2. fescue foot

How to prevent fescue toxicosis in animals when feeding tall fescue

don't feed tall fescue during times of heat stress

enodphyte fungus is an internal fungus that produces what

ergot alkaloids

Enophyte fungus affects these two species the most

beef cattle and horses

Ryeggrass is very common in these two places

1. New Zealand
2. Australia

Ryegrass is high in ____(1) but low in ____(2)

1. production
2. quality

ryegrass is what type of grass

1. cool season

Bluegrass is what two types of grass

1. turf grass (not really a forage)
2. cool season

bluegrass is low in these two things

1. survivability
2. production

Wheatgrass is a distant relative to

barley

wheatgraass is tolerant of what

drought

Reed canarygrass is tolerant of

wet soils

Reed canary grass has this present

alkaloids

tmothy is typically used as what

a horse hay

The high fiber and low digestiblity of warm season grasses may be beneficial to what

obese horses

Sorghum and Sudan are productive in what

warm climates

anual grasses tend to be thought of as

small cereal (barley, wheat, oats, etc.)

to make a good silage crop with annual grasses use with

annual legume

Concerns of annual grasses

1. Nitrate accumulation
2. HCN after frost

many different grass species exist in the evnironments to which they are adapted, so you should

use the grass species that works best for your environmetn

legume alfalfa is very what

productive

legume alfalfa are good perennials, lasting

5 to 6 years

legume alfalfa needs well drained soils for what

1. winter kill
2. heaving

legume alfalfa is sensitive to what

acid

legume alfalfa can cause

bloat

how does poloalene or bloat guard work

forming bubbles to aid in belching

legume alfalfa will not tolerate what

over grazing

These are the three create a risk of bloat

1. immature alfalfa
2. wet aflalfa
3. after frost

6 preventino strategies for bloat

1. grow grass or mix it with alfalfa
2. Provide grass hay during 1 week of alfalfa grazing
3. Provide rumensin
4. observe cattel when turning in first time
5. observe cttle during cool, cloudy, and rainy weather
6. don't garze alfalfa a few days following killing frost

Birdsfoot trefoil is a long lived perennial that is

difficult to establish

birdsfoot trefooil is above averae in tehse two things

1. productin
2. nutrition

Four reasons birdsfoot trefoil is a good pasture legume

1. withstands grazing
2. withstands stressful environment
3 doesn't induce bloat much
4. works well with grass

This is probably the second best hay leguem

red clover

red clover has a higher yield but si

lower in protein

Red clvoer can be used for these two things

1. hay
2. pastrue legume

is red clover easy to establish

yes

Estrogen in legumes may cause issues in this for sheep adn horses

reproductin cycle

white clover propagate via

stolons

because white clover is propagated by stolons, they can do what

withstand grzing

although risk is lower than alfalfa, because white clover grows close to the ground it can cause

bloat

sainfaoin is a good forage for these two reasons but aren't used often

1. drought tolerant
2. no bloat

sweet clvoer has a high risk for what

mold production while storage

sweet clover causes a mold that becomes a what

blood thinner

annual legumes are often harvested as one of these two things

1. silage
2. grazed

peas and fabas have higher levels of ___ than the grass surrounding them

protein

legumes reduce cost of

nitrogen

why don't you need to fertilize legumes

there is a symbiotic relationship bewteen bacteria and rhizomes

the major problem of legumes is

weed control

during mechanical harvesting, it must be field dried to

less than 16% water

These are three factors affecting field drying time

1. initial DM%
2. weather conditions
3. conditioning

Seven objectives in haymaking

1. produce high yield
2. rapid curing
3. minimize leaf loss
4. minimize cell respiration
5. avoid leaching loss
6. avoid molding
7. maintain quality while storing

five reasons for losses when field drying

1. respiration
2. shattering (leaves breaking apart)
3. leaching
4. sun bleaching
5. protein damage

you must harvest a field with these two properties

1. proper maturity
2. proper weather condition

which of the following is worse?

having hay rained on OR Waiting and letting it get mature

the latter

the mechanical or chemical treatment of the hay croop to accelearte drying process

conditioning

michanical conditioning impacts what

moisture level in leaves

Chemical conditioning uses this to icrease rate of field dryign

carbonate salts

two methods of mechanical conditioning

1. crimping
2. masceration

When swathing the forage is passed through rubberized rollers to crush the plant tissue which speeds drying

crimping

This mechanical conditiong is more ____ than crimping

extreme

This is the most common mechanical conditioning

crimpign

two considerations of masceration

1. less nutrient loss
2. enhance fiber diestibility

100

these are drying agents that pull moisture out of plant tissue

desiccants

101

raking does what to hay

inverts it

102

what are three reasons for raking hay

1. increasing aeration
2. reduce color loss
3. reduce shattering

103

Dyring via raking is most rapid when the windrow is what

wide

104

Hay with 20% moisture favors what

fungi grwoth

105

if hay wasn't dried properly before harvest, it can cause this

spontaneous combustion

106

cattle may be able to eat a little bit of moldy hay, but it should not be fed to horses because it can cause what

colic

107

If preservative are put in hay, these two thigns occur

1. rain damage is reduce
2. leaf retention is high

108

tehse two organic acids inhibit mold and have decrease equipment life

1. propionic acid
2. acetic acid

109

microbial inoculants, such as lactic acid bacteria, increases hay preservation, but is

less consistent

110

hay protected weather doesn't change in nutritive vlaue much, but will lose what

vitamins a and e

111

Hay stored outside will lose what

value

112

if hay is packed tightly it reduces what

nutrietn loss

113

hay is sold using what

feed value index

114

Relatvie feed value index estimate what

digestible DM from ADF

115

Relative Feed value index calculates

DM intake potential from NDF

116

RFVs assuem all fibers have what

same digestibility

117

Cows ay perform differently on what

identical RFV

118

Inake and TDN are caclualted from

NDF digestibility

119

TDN substitutes for what in relative forage quality

digestible dry matter

120

RFQ and RFV will differ based on these three things

1. NSC
2. NDF
3. NDF digestiblity

121

Does RFQ or RFV show a higher advantage of predicitng the feed value of forage

RFQ

122

Low quality forages are treated to be ____ to digestive enzymes of microorganisms to improve their ____(2)

1. more accessible
2. digestibility and intake

123

These are the three categories or forage treatment

1. physical
2. chemical
3. microbial

124

This treatmetn is the modificaation of the physical structure of forages

physical treatment

125

Two objectives of mechancial treatment

1. reduce size
2. reduce surface area

126

Four types of mechanical treatment

1. chopping
2. laceration
3. grinding

127

This mechanical treatmetn cuts stems into realtively long sections

chopping

128

This mechanical treatment gives shorter but variable sectons and increases abosrptive capacity for forage

laceration

129

This mechanical treatment produces forage particles that are less than a centimeter in lenght

grinding

130

Amongst all mechanical treamtnets, this is the most common one

grinding

131

mechanical treatment is costly in

energy consumption

132

alkali treatment disrupts the chemcial linkages betweene what two things

lignin and cellulose

133

sodium hydroxide is typically involved with

soaking forages

134

soaking forages in sodium hydroxide is ...

not environmentally friendly

135

Why is soaking forages with sodium hydroxide not environmentally friendly

1. waste water
2. solubilization of nutrients

136

NaOH iproves quality of what

barley straw

137

issues with treating forage with NaOH

1. hazardoes
2. sodium accumulation in manure
3. cost

138

calcium oxdie treatment can be used in what

feed wagon

139

ammoniation is typically done to what

bales

140

how is ammoniation done

forage is covered in plastic and anhydronous ammonia is applied

141

With ammoniation, it changes from a ____(1) to penetrate forage

liquid ot a gas

142

ammoniation has a better reaction when these two things hapen

1. forage has high moisture
2. ambient temp is high

143

ammoniation increases these three things

1. CP
2. digestibility
3. intake

144

ammoniation can replace conventional hay with

treated straw

145

Silage is when ...

green chop is harvested and ensiled

146

with silage, feed is stable due to low pH as long as it is

not exposed to Oxygen

147

silage preserves feed by

lowering pH with lactic acid

148

silage must be anaerobic or this will occur

aerobic molds

149

why do you need a subsrate in silage

for anaerobic bacteria

150

three phases of silage

1. aerobic phase
2. acetic productin stage
3. lactic acid production

151

The shorter the initial oxygen is in silage, the shorter this phase is

aerobic

152

stable silage has a low pH and is able to resist change in pH during what

fermetnation

153

This is the strongest of all sialge acids

lactic acid

154

lactic acid is in high levels during firmenation if ___ minimally

shrinks

155

lactic acid should not be associate wtih

lactic acidosis

156

acetic acid does not impact consumptiom but is what type of inhibitor

spoilage

157

silage with high amounts of ethanal are associated with

excessive yeast

158

ethanol is a risk when there is

sugar presetn

159

is ethanol spoilage likley or not

likely

160

during silage, this acid is undesribale because it imapcts DM intake

butyric acid

161

if feed smells like rancid butter it is probably what

butyric acid

162

butyric acid is high in these two silages

1. alfalfa
2. grass

163

Nine keys to quality of silage

1. hyrbid planted
2. proper growth
3. harvest at correct maturity and moisture
4. correct chop lenght
5. processed appropriately
6. additives considered
7. packed properly
8. covered quickly and well
9. fed out correctly

164

a good silage hybriid needs to be a...

good grain hybrid

165

Brown-MidRib mutants are what

a corn hybrid

166

5 impacts of Brown-MidRib

1. lower lignin
2. lower fiber
3. increased DM intake
4. greater digestiblity
5. improves milk production for a short period

167

alfalfa hyrbid optiosn deactivate what

enzymes in lignin synthesis

168

three things to not for wet forge harvest of corn silage

1. must be whole plant
2. standing crop, no wilting
3. harvest grain not indigestible fiber

169

the milk line of corn is used to assess what

moisture content

170

where should milk line of corn be to harvest for silage

between 1/2 to 3/4 of corn

171

grass islage should be harvested when the seed is in

milk to early dough stage

172

Cool season perennial grasses should be harvst when seed is

at early head emergence

173

alfalfa should be harvested

pre bloom

174

wet forage harvest will need to do what to become 35% DM before chopping

wilt

175

Five sialge inoculants

1. energy
2. ammonia
3. acids
4. microbial inoculants
5. enzymes

176

acids for silage inoculants do what

reduce molds and NPN

177

a silage inoculant is applied when

at the same time of chopping

178

growth of anaerobic bacteria in silage is done with these two things

1. heterofermentation
2. homoferemntation

179

heteroferemtnation causes an energy loss from

CO2

180

does homoferemtnation have an energy loss

181

what type of anearobic fermetnation should be promoted the most

homofermentation

182

silage inoculants can do these three things

1. have faster and more efficeint fermentation
2. improve digestibility
3. improve stability

183

Foru reasons storage loss of silage occurs

1. respiration
2. fermenation gases
3. seepage
4. spoilage

184

this type of silage sotrage is in a concrete block or fiberglass and is almost completely airtight

upright storage

185

This sialge storage has a floor and wall with three sides. it has more loss but less cost

bunker

186

this type of silage storage has extrme losses and is made with a trench dug out fo the ground

open pit

187

this type of silage sotrage is done in horizontal plastic tubes, is good storage, but also the plastic is expensive

silo bags

188

this sialge storage is contained in plsatic with wet bales and allows for good storage

balage

189

proper moisture leads to better packaging density which means these two things

1. less oxygen trapped
2. less respiration

190

Five factors of packing density

1. moisture content
2. tractor weight
3. time spent packing
4. how forage is distributed
5. how quickly forage is delivered

191

how to protect sialge

1. cover in oxygen barrier film
2. secure with tires

192

To remove silage, you must minimize

disturbance of silage mass

193

is hay or silage more palatable

silage

194

does hay or silage allow for early harvest

silage

195

does hay or silage yield more enrgy per acre

silage

196

is hay or silage more costly

silage

197

is hay or silage using more mechanical harvsting

silage

198

effective fiber is an important consideration for ruminants being fed for

high prouctivity

199

fiber is important to maintain

optimal ruumen fucntion

200

long fiber is regurgitate d and chewed which does these three things

1. produce large amounts of saliva
2. saliva buffer
3. stimulates motility

201

four qualities of low fiber intake in rminant diets

1. rumination decreases
2. saliva production increases
3. rumen motility decreaed
4. rate of passage from rumen slows

202

three qualities of inadequate fiber

1. decreased feed intake
2. decreased dry matter digestiblity
3. laminities and rumen parakeratosis

203

hardening and enlargement of the papillae of the rumen

paraketosis

204

inadequate fiber can result in

rumen acidosis

205

the ability of a fiber source to stimulate rumination

effective fiber

206

effective fiber is measured as

effective NDF

207

physical form of effective fiber affects

chewing time

208

if forage is chopped too fine, this decreases effectiveness of

fiber

209

inadquate fiber results in reduced

fiber digestion

210

low effective fiber means there is a low ...

microbial yield

211

this is the weak link in forage qulaity evaluation

sampling

212

to get a good forage sample, you need a

representative sample

213

one small sample is used to represent

many tons of forage

214

two example of forage sampling

1. mechanical coring
2. hand grabs

215

one handful sampel fo a bale represents how much of your field

one square foot

216

soils are highly variable, so platns...

are also variable

217

the single greatest error in forage test results is...

sampling technique

218

this is the best method of hay sampling

probe

219

dull probes do what

push material out of core

220

four things to do when hay sampling

1. sample different hay lots
2. keep track of where hay came form
3. keep track of different cuttings
4. take many samples per lot

221

1. where should your core sample for a square bale being taken from

through the center of one end of bale

222

where should the core sample of round bales be taken

waist height on rounded side

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