ch 8 in class notes part 1

If a randomized controlled trial (RCT) provides the strongest evidence for intervention studies, why don’t all researchers use this design?

a comparison is made to identify the differences between two or more groups.

may receive no treatment, standard treatment, or some form of alternate treatment.

makes a comparison inside the same group, most often a comparison of scores before and after an intervention.

combines the between- and within-group comparisons, so an interaction is said to occur when there is a difference in how a group performs over time.

combines the between- and within-group comparisons, so an interaction is said to occur when there is a difference in how a group performs over time.

When the researchers present the within comparison, they may refer to this as the

The group effect and the time effect are considered

When the group effect and time effect are considered together, you get the

treats the pretest as a covariate and analyzes the difference in the posttest scores of the two groups.

If there are only two groups, the comparison can be made using an ______________; if there are three or more groups, the comparison can be made with a __________________.

a system that uses characters to diagram the design of intervention studies

is a pretest-posttest design without a control group, with the intent is to examine a cause-and-effect relationship. (level IV evidence)

are extremely valuable in intervention research, providing the highest level of evidence for a single study (level II evidence)
- are extremely valuable in intervention research, providing the highest level of evidence for a single study (level II evidence)

participants are randomly assigned to groups and receive the same treatment, but in a different order.

_____________________are often used in studies of assistive devices/technologies.

(level III evidence), participants do not have an equal chance of being assigned to a condition.

use either a randomized or nonrandomized approach to group assignment but are distinguished from other designs by including more than one independent variable.

follow up tests to determine main effects

the results of each individual are examined separately to determine if the intervention was effective.

_______________ relationships can be inferred from a strong single-subject design study when there is a clear difference between behavior that occurs when an intervention is present and that which occurs when the intervention is absent

what is a major limitation of single subject research

the researcher designs the study and then administers the intervention and collects the data.

the researcher looks back at something that has already occurred and uses existing records to collect the data.

Retrospective studies are not ____________ because the independent variable is not manipulated. Instead they are described as __________.

A larger sample reduces the likelihoof of making a ________ error

every time a researcher uses an additional group or, in the case of a factorial study, a new independent variable, the researcher must increase _____________________

different interventions can be compared as to their cost and efficacy, or the cost of a single intervention can be calculated so that interested consumers can assess its value.

combines an assessment of quality of life and the number of years of life added by an intervention.

Quality of life is measured on a scale of 1 to 0, with 1 being the _______________ and 0 representing ________.
- A negative score is possible, which suggests a quality of life worse than death.

For example, if an intervention extended life by 4 years with a 0.6 quality of life, the QALY value would be 4 × 0.6 = ____