Amazon AWS Certified Developer - Associate DVA-C02 Practice Exam Questions

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A company is running a custom application on a set of on-premises Linux servers that are accessed using Amazon API Gateway. AWS X-Ray tracing has been enabled on the API test stage.
How can a developer enable X-Ray tracing on the on-premises servers with the LEAST amount of configuration?

B. Install and run the X-Ray daemon on the on-premises servers to capture and relay the data to the X-Ray service.
C. Capture incoming requests on-premises and configure an AWS Lambda function to pull, process, and relay relevant data to X-Ray using the PutTraceSegments API call.
A. Install and run the X-Ray SDK on the on-premises servers to capture and relay the data to the X-Ray service.
D. Capture incoming requests on-premises and configure an AWS Lambda function to pull, process, and relay relevant data to X-Ray using the PutTelemetryRecords API call.

A company is migrating legacy internal applications to AWS. Leadership wants to rewrite the internal employee directory to use native AWS services. A developer needs to create a solution for storing employee contact details and high-resolution photos for use with the new application.
Which solution will enable the search and retrieval of each employee's individual details and high-resolution photos using AWS APIs?

A. Encode each employee's contact information and photos using Base64. Store the information in an Amazon DynamoDB table using a sort key.
D. Store employee contact information in an Amazon RDS DB instance with the photos stored in Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS).
C. Use Amazon Cognito user pools to implement the employee directory in a fully managed software-as-a-service (SaaS) method.
B. Store each employee's contact information in an Amazon DynamoDB table along with the object keys for the photos stored in Amazon S3.

A financial company must store original customer records for 10 years for legal reasons. A complete record contains personally identifiable information (PII). According to local regulations, PII is available to only certain people in the company and must not be shared with third parties. The company needs to make the records available to third-party organizations for statistical analysis without sharing the PII.
A developer wants to store the original immutable record in Amazon S3. Depending on who accesses the S3 document, the document should be returned as is or with all the PII removed. The developer has written an AWS Lambda function to remove the PII from the document. The function is named removePii.
What should the developer do so that the company can meet the PII requirements while maintaining only one copy of the document?

C. Create an S3 Object Lambda access point from the S3 console. Select the removePii function. Use S3 Access Points to access the object without PII.
B. Set up an S3 event notification that invokes the removePii function when an S3 PUT request is made. Call Amazon S3 by using a PUT request to access the object without PII.
D. Create an S3 access point from the S3 console. Use the access point name to call the GetObjectLegalHold S3 API function. Pass in the removePii function name to access the object without PII.
A. Set up an S3 event notification that invokes the removePii function when an S3 GET request is made. Call Amazon S3 by using a GET request to access the object without PII.

A developer is deploying an AWS Lambda function The developer wants the ability to return to older versions of the function quickly and seamlessly.
How can the developer achieve this goal with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use AWS OpsWorks to perform blue green deployments.
D. Use AWS CodePipeline for deployments and rollbacks.
C. Maintain deployment packages for older versions in Amazon S3.
B. Use a function alias with different versions.

A developer has written an AWS Lambda function. The function is CPU-bound. The developer wants to ensure that the function returns responses quickly.
How can the developer improve the function's performance?

D. Increase the function's timeout.
A. Increase the function's CPU core count.
C. Increase the function's reserved concurrency.
B. Increase the function's memory.

For a deployment using AWS Code Deploy, what is the run order of the hooks for in-place deployments

B. ApplicationStop -> BeforeInstall -> AfterInstall -> ApplicationStart
A. BeforeInstall -> ApplicationStop -> ApplicationStart -> AfterInstall
C. BeforeInstall -> ApplicationStop -> ValidateService -> ApplicationStart
D. ApplicationStop -> BeforeInstall -> ValidateService -> ApplicationStart

A company is building a serverless application on AWS. The application uses an AWS Lambda function to process customer orders 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Lambda function calls an external vendor's HTTP API to process payments.
During load tests, a developer discovers that the external vendor payment processing API occasionally times out and returns errors. The company expects that some payment processing API calls will return errors.
The company wants the support team to receive notifications in near real time only when the payment processing external API error rate exceed 5% of the total number of transactions in an hour. Developers need to use an existing Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic that is configured to notify the support team.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Publish custom metrics to CloudWatch that record the failures of the external payment processing API calls. Configure a CloudWatch alarm to notify the existing SNS topic when error rate exceeds the specified rate.
C. Publish the results of the external payment processing API calls to a new Amazon SNS topic. Subscribe the support team members to the new SNS topic.
A. Write the results of payment processing API calls to Amazon CloudWatch. Use Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights to query the CloudWatch logs. Schedule the Lambda function to check the CloudWatch logs and notify the existing SNS topic.
D. Write the results of the external payment processing API calls to Amazon S3. Schedule an Amazon Athena query to run at regular intervals. Configure Athena to send notifications to the existing SNS topic when the error rate exceeds the specified rate.

A developer is creating an application that will store personal health information (PHI). The PHI needs to be encrypted at all times. An encrypted Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance is storing the data. The developer wants to increase the performance of the application by caching frequently accessed data while adding the ability to sort or rank the cached datasets.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Create an Amazon ElastiCache for Memcached instance. Enable encryption of data in transit and at rest. Store frequently accessed data in the cache.
C. Create an Amazon RDS for MySQL read replica. Connect to the read replica by using SSL. Configure the read replica to store frequently accessed data.
D. Create an Amazon DynamoDB table and a DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) cluster for the table. Store frequently accessed data in the DynamoDB table.
A. Create an Amazon ElastiCache for Redis instance. Enable encryption of data in transit and at rest. Store frequently accessed data in the cache.

A company wants to deploy and maintain static websites on AWS. Each website's source code is hosted in one of several version control systems, including AWS CodeCommit, Bitbucket, and GitHub.
The company wants to implement phased releases by using development, staging, user acceptance testing, and production environments in the AWS Cloud. Deployments to each environment must be started by code merges on the relevant Git branch. The company wants to use HTTPS for all data exchange. The company needs a solution that does not require servers to run continuously.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

B. Host each website in AWS Elastic Beanstalk with multiple environments. Use the EB CLI to link each repository branch. Integrate AWS CodePipeline to automate deployments from version control code merges.
D. Host each website on its own Amazon EC2 instance. Write a custom deployment script to bundle each website's static assets. Copy the assets to Amazon EC2. Set up a workflow to run the script when code is merged.
A. Host each website by using AWS Amplify with a serverless backend. Conned the repository branches that correspond to each of the desired environments. Start deployments by merging code changes to a desired branch.
C. Host each website in different Amazon S3 buckets for each environment. Configure AWS CodePipeline to pull source code from version control. Add an AWS CodeBuild stage to copy source code to Amazon S3.

A company hosts a client-side web application for one of its subsidiaries on Amazon S3. The web application can be accessed through Amazon CloudFront from https://www.example.com. After a successful rollout, the company wants to host three more client-side web applications for its remaining subsidiaries on three separate S3 buckets.
To achieve this goal, a developer moves all the common JavaScript files and web fonts to a central S3 bucket that serves the web applications. However, during testing, the developer notices that the browser blocks the JavaScript files and web fonts.
What should the developer do to prevent the browser from blocking the JavaScript files and web fonts?

B. Create a bucket policy that allows access to the central S3 bucket. Attach the bucket policy to the central S3 bucket
C. Create a cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) configuration that allows access to the central S3 bucket. Add the CORS configuration to the central S3 bucket.
A. Create four access points that allow access to the central S3 bucket. Assign an access point to each web application bucket.
D. Create a Content-MD5 header that provides a message integrity check for the central S3 bucket. Insert the Content-MD5 header for each web application request.

A company has an application that uses Amazon Cognito user pools as an identity provider. The company must secure access to user records. The company has set up multi-factor authentication (MFA). The company also wants to send a login activity notification by email every time a user logs in.
What is the MOST operationally efficient solution that meets this requirement?

B. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) to send the email notification. Add an Amazon Cognito post authentication Lambda trigger for the function.
C. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) to send the email notification. Create an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log subscription filter to invoke the function based on the login status.
A. Create an AWS Lambda function that uses Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES) to send the email notification. Add an Amazon API Gateway API to invoke the function. Call the API from the client side when login confirmation is received.
D. Configure Amazon Cognito to stream all logs to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose. Create an AWS Lambda function to process the streamed logs and to send the email notification based on the login status of each user.

A developer has an application that stores data in an Amazon S3 bucket. The application uses an HTTP API to store and retrieve objects. When the PutObject API operation adds objects to the S3 bucket the developer must encrypt these objects at rest by using server-side encryption with Amazon S3 managed keys (SSE-S3).
Which solution will meet this requirement?

D. Apply TLS to encrypt the traffic to the S3 bucket.
B. Set the x-amz-server-side-encryption header when invoking the PutObject API operation.
C. Provide the encryption key in the HTTP header of every request.
A. Create an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key. Assign the KMS key to the S3 bucket.

A developer needs to perform geographic load testing of an API. The developer must deploy resources to multiple AWS Regions to support the load testing of the API.
How can the developer meet these requirements without additional application code

A. Create and deploy an AWS Lambda function in each desired Region. Configure the Lambda function to create a stack from an AWS CloudFormation template in that Region when the function is invoked.
D. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that defines the load test resources. Use the AWS CLI deploy command to create a stack from the template in each Region.
B. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that defines the load test resources. Use the AWS CLI create-stack-set command to create a stack set in the desired Regions.
C. Create an AWS Systems Manager document that defines the resources. Use the document to create the resources in the desired Regions.

A developer is creating an application that includes an Amazon API Gateway REST API in the us-east-2 Region. The developer wants to use Amazon CloudFront and a custom domain name for the API. The developer has acquired an SSL/TLS certificate for the domain from a third-party provider.
How should the developer configure the custom domain for the application?

A. Import the SSL/TLS certificate into AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) in the same Region as the API. Create a DNS A record for the custom domain.
C. Import the SSL/TLS certificate into AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) in the same Region as the API. Create a DNS CNAME record for the custom domain.
B. Import the SSL/TLS certificate into CloudFront. Create a DNS CNAME record for the custom domain.
D. Import the SSL/TLS certificate into AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) in the us-east-1 Region. Create a DNS CNAME record for the custom domain.

A developer is creating a template that uses AWS CloudFormation to deploy an application. The application is serverless and uses Amazon API Gateway, Amazon DynamoDB, and AWS Lambda.
Which AWS service or tool should the developer use to define serverless resources in YAML?

C. AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM)
B. AWS Elastic Beanstalk
D. AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK)
A. CloudFormation serverless intrinsic functions

A development team maintains a web application by using a single AWS CloudFormation template. The template defines web servers and an Amazon RDS database. The team uses the Cloud Formation template to deploy the Cloud Formation stack to different environments.
During a recent application deployment, a developer caused the primary development database to be dropped and recreated. The result of this incident was a loss of data. The team needs to avoid accidental database deletion in the future.
Which solutions will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

C. Modify the database to use a Multi-AZ deployment.
E. Add a Cloud Formation DeletionPolicy attribute with the Retain value to the stack.
B. Update the CloudFormation stack policy to prevent updates to the database.
D. Create a CloudFormation stack set for the web application and database deployments.
A. Add a CloudFormation Deletion Policy attribute with the Retain value to the database resource.

A developer is building a web application that uses Amazon API Gateway to expose an AWS Lambda function to process requests from clients. During testing, the developer notices that the API Gateway times out even though the Lambda function finishes under the set time limit.
Which of the following API Gateway metrics in Amazon CloudWatch can help the developer troubleshoot the issue? (Choose two.)

E. Count
B. IntegrationLatency
C. CacheMissCount
A. CacheHitCount
D. Latency

A developer is designing an AWS Lambda function that creates temporary files that are less than 10 MB during invocation. The temporary files will be accessed and modified multiple times during invocation. The developer has no need to save or retrieve these files in the future.
Where should the temporary files be stored?

B. Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS)
A. the /tmp directory
C. Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)
D. Amazon S3

A developer is working on a serverless application that needs to process any changes to an Amazon DynamoDB table with an AWS Lambda function.
How should the developer configure the Lambda function to detect changes to the DynamoDB table?

A. Create an Amazon Kinesis data stream, and attach it to the DynamoDB table. Create a trigger to connect the data stream to the Lambda function.
C. Enable DynamoDB Streams on the table. Create a trigger to connect the DynamoDB stream to the Lambda function.
B. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to invoke the Lambda function on a regular schedule. Conned to the DynamoDB table from the Lambda function to detect changes.
D. Create an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream, and attach it to the DynamoDB table. Configure the delivery stream destination as the Lambda function.

An application uses an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group. A developer notices that EC2 instances are taking a long time to become available during scale-out events. The UserData script is taking a long time to run.
The developer must implement a solution to decrease the time that elapses before an EC2 instance becomes available. The solution must make the most recent version of the application available at all times and must apply all available security updates. The solution also must minimize the number of images that are created. The images must be validated.
Which combination of steps should the developer take to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

C. Set up AWS CodeDeploy to deploy the most recent version of the application at runtime.
E. Remove any commands that perform operating system patching from the UserData script.
D. Set up AWS CodePipeline to deploy the most recent version of the application at runtime.
A. Use EC2 Image Builder to create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI). Install all the patches and agents that are needed to manage and run the application. Update the Auto Scaling group launch configuration to use the AMI.
B. Use EC2 Image Builder to create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI). Install the latest version of the application and all the patches and agents that are needed to manage and run the application. Update the Auto Scaling group launch configuration to use the AMI.

A developer is creating a mobile app that calls a backend service by using an Amazon API Gateway REST API. For integration testing during the development phase, the developer wants to simulate different backend responses without invoking the backend service.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

D. Use a request mapping template to select the mock integration response.
B. Create an Amazon EC2 instance that serves the backend REST API by using an AWS CloudFormation template.
A. Create an AWS Lambda function. Use API Gateway proxy integration to return constant HTTP responses.
C. Customize the API Gateway stage to select a response type based on the request.

An Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream is receiving customer data that contains personally identifiable information. A developer needs to remove pattern-based customer identifiers from the data and store the modified data in an Amazon S3 bucket.
What should the developer do to meet these requirements?

A. Implement Kinesis Data Firehose data transformation as an AWS Lambda function. Configure the function to remove the customer identifiers. Set an Amazon S3 bucket as the destination of the delivery stream.
B. Launch an Amazon EC2 instance. Set the EC2 instance as the destination of the delivery stream. Run an application on the EC2 instance to remove the customer identifiers. Store the transformed data in an Amazon S3 bucket.
D. Create an AWS Step Functions workflow to remove the customer identifiers. As the last step in the workflow, store the transformed data in an Amazon S3 bucket. Set the workflow as the destination of the delivery stream.
C. Create an Amazon OpenSearch Service instance. Set the OpenSearch Service instance as the destination of the delivery stream. Use search and replace to remove the customer identifiers. Export the data to an Amazon S3 bucket.

A company needs to harden its container images before the images are in a running state. The company's application uses Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR) as an image registry. Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) for compute, and an AWS CodePipeline pipeline that orchestrates a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflow.
Dynamic application security testing occurs in the final stage of the pipeline after a new image is deployed to a development namespace in the EKS cluster. A developer needs to place an analysis stage before this deployment to analyze the container image earlier in the CI/CD pipeline.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the MOST operational efficiency?

B. Create a new CodePipeline stage that occurs after the container image is built. Configure ECR basic image scanning to scan on image push. Use an AWS Lambda function as the action provider. Configure the Lambda function to check the scan results and to fail the pipeline if there are findings.
C. Create a new CodePipeline stage that occurs after source code has been retrieved from its repository. Run a security scanner on the latest revision of the source code. Fail the pipeline if there are findings.
A. Build the container image and run the docker scan command locally. Mitigate any findings before pushing changes to the source code repository. Write a pre-commit hook that enforces the use of this workflow before commit.
D. Add an action to the deployment stage of the pipeline so that the action occurs before the deployment to the EKS cluster. Configure ECR basic image scanning to scan on image push. Use an AWS Lambda function as the action provider. Configure the Lambda function to check the scan results and to fail the pipeline if there are findings.

A developer is testing a new file storage application that uses an Amazon CloudFront distribution to serve content from an Amazon S3 bucket. The distribution accesses the S3 bucket by using an origin access identity (OAI). The S3 bucket's permissions explicitly deny access to all other users.
The application prompts users to authenticate on a login page and then uses signed cookies to allow users to access their personal storage directories. The developer has configured the distribution to use its default cache behavior with restricted viewer access and has set the origin to point to the S3 bucket. However, when the developer tries to navigate to the login page, the developer receives a 403 Forbidden error.
The developer needs to implement a solution to allow unauthenticated access to the login page. The solution also must keep all private content secure.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Add a second cache behavior to the distribution with the same origin as the default cache behavior. Set the path pattern for the second cache behavior to the path of the login page, and make viewer access unrestricted. Keep the default cache behavior's settings unchanged.
D. Add a bucket policy to the S3 bucket to allow read access. Set the resource on the policy to the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the login page object in the S3 bucket. Add a CloudFront function to the default cache behavior to redirect unauthorized requests to the login page's S3 URL.
C. Add a second origin as a failover origin to the default cache behavior. Point the failover origin to the S3 bucket. Set the path pattern for the primary origin to *, and make viewer access restricted. Set the path pattern for the failover origin to the path of the login page, and make viewer access unrestricted.
B. Add a second cache behavior to the distribution with the same origin as the default cache behavior. Set the path pattern for the second cache behavior to *, and make viewer access restricted. Change the default cache behavior's path pattern to the path of the login page, and make viewer access unrestricted.

A developer is using AWS Amplify Hosting to build and deploy an application. The developer is receiving an increased number of bug reports from users. The developer wants to add end-to-end testing to the application to eliminate as many bugs as possible before the bugs reach production.
Which solution should the developer implement to meet these requirements?

D. Add a test phase to the aws-exports.js file for the application.
C. Add a test phase to the amplify.yml build settings for the application.
B. Create unit tests in the application. Deploy the unit tests by using the amplify push command in the Amplify CLI.
A. Run the amplify add test command in the Amplify CLI.

A company has deployed an application on AWS Elastic Beanstalk. The company has configured the Auto Scaling group that is associated with the Elastic Beanstalk environment to have five Amazon EC2 instances. If the capacity is fewer than four EC2 instances during the deployment, application performance degrades. The company is using the all-at-once deployment policy.
What is the MOST cost-effective way to solve the deployment issue?

D. Change the deployment policy to rolling. Specify a batch size of 2.
C. Change the deployment policy to rolling with additional batch. Specify a batch size of 1.
B. Change the deployment policy to traffic splitting. Specify an evaluation time of 1 hour.
A. Change the Auto Scaling group to six desired instances.

A developer is incorporating AWS X-Ray into an application that handles personal identifiable information (PII). The application is hosted on Amazon EC2 instances. The application trace messages include encrypted PII and go to Amazon CloudWatch. The developer needs to ensure that no PII goes outside of the EC2 instances.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Use AWS Distro for Open Telemetry.
B. Use the X-Ray auto-instrumentation agent.
C. Use Amazon Macie to detect and hide PII. Call the X-Ray API from AWS Lambda.
A. Manually instrument the X-Ray SDK in the application code.

A developer is migrating some features from a legacy monolithic application to use AWS Lambda functions instead. The application currently stores data in an Amazon Aurora DB cluster that runs in private subnets in a VPC. The AWS account has one VPC deployed. The Lambda functions and the DB cluster are deployed in the same AWS Region in the same AWS account.
The developer needs to ensure that the Lambda functions can securely access the DB cluster without crossing the public internet.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Configure the VPC, subnets, and a security group for the Lambda functions.
B. Configure an Amazon RDS database proxy for he Lambda functions.
A. Configure the DB cluster's public access setting to Yes.
C. Configure a NAT gateway and a security group for the Lambda functions.

A company has a critical application on AWS. The application exposes an HTTP API by using Amazon API Gateway. The API is integrated with an AWS Lambda function. The application stores data in an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance with 2 virtual CPUs (vCPUs) and 64 GB of RAM.
Customers have reported that some of the API calls return HTTP 500 Internal Server Error responses. Amazon CloudWatch Logs shows errors for “too many connections.” The errors occur during peak usage times that are unpredictable.

The company needs to make the application resilient. The database cannot be down outside of scheduled maintenance hours.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Add a CloudWatch alarm that changes the DB instance class when the number of connections increases to more than 1,000.
A. Decrease the number of vCPUs for the DB instance. Increase the max_connections setting.
D. Add an Amazon EventBridge rule that increases the max_connections setting of the DB instance when CPU utilization is above 75%.
B. Use Amazon RDS Proxy to create a proxy that connects to the DB instance. Update the Lambda function to connect to the proxy.

A company is building a serverless application that uses AWS Lambda functions. The company needs to create a set of test events to test Lambda functions in a development environment. The test events will be created once and then will be used by all the developers in an IAM developer group. The test events must be editable by any of the IAM users in the IAM developer group.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create the test events. Configure the event sharing settings to make the test events private.
C. Create and store the test events in Amazon DynamoDB. Allow access to DynamoDB by using IAM roles.
A. Create and store the test events in Amazon S3 as JSON objects. Allow S3 bucket access to all IAM users.
B. Create the test events. Configure the event sharing settings to make the test events shareable.

A developer is configuring an application's deployment environment in AWS CodePipeline. The application code is stored in a GitHub repository. The developer wants to ensure that the repository package's unit tests run in the new deployment environment. The developer has already set the pipeline's source provider to GitHub and has specified the repository and branch to use in the deployment.

Which combination of steps should the developer take next to meet these requirements with the LEAST overhead? (Choose two.)

E. Add a new stage to the pipeline after the source stage. Add an action to the new stage. Specify the newly created project as the action provider. Specify the source artifact as the action's input artifact.
A. Create an AWS CodeCommit project. Add the repository package's build and test commands to the project's buildspec.
D. Add an action to the source stage. Specify the newly created project as the action provider. Specify the build artifact as the action's input artifact.
B. Create an AWS CodeBuild project. Add the repository package's build and test commands to the project's buildspec.
C. Create an AWS CodeDeploy project. Add the repository package's build and test commands to the project's buildspec.

An engineer created an A/B test of a new feature on an Amazon CloudWatch Evidently project. The engineer configured two variations of the feature (Variation A and Variation B) for the test. The engineer wants to work exclusively with Variation A. The engineer needs to make updates so that Variation A is the only variation that appears when the engineer hits the application's endpoint.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

B. Add an override to the feature. Set the identifier of the override to Variation A. Set the variation to 100%.
A. Add an override to the feature. Set the identifier of the override to the engineer's user ID. Set the variation to Variation A.
C. Add an experiment to the project. Set the identifier of the experiment to Variation B. Set the variation to 0%.
D. Add an experiment to the project. Set the identifier of the experiment to the AWS account's account ISet the variation to Variation A.

A developer is working on an existing application that uses Amazon DynamoDB as its data store. The DynamoDB table has the following attributes: partNumber (partition key), vendor (sort key), description, productFamily, and productType. When the developer analyzes the usage patterns, the developer notices that there are application modules that frequently look for a list of products based on the productFamily and productType attributes.

The developer wants to make changes to the application to improve performance of the query operations.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create a global secondary index (GSI) with productFamily as the partition key and productType as the sort key.
D. Update the queries to use Scan operations with productFamily as the partition key and productType as the sort key.
B. Create a local secondary index (LSI) with productFamily as the partition key and productType as the sort key.
C. Recreate the table. Add partNumber as the partition key and vendor as the sort key. During table creation, add a local secondary index (LSI) with productFamily as the partition key and productType as the sort key.

A developer creates a VPC named VPC-A that has public and private subnets. The developer also creates an Amazon RDS database inside the private subnet of VPC-A. To perform some queries, the developer creates an AWS Lambda function in the default VPC. The Lambda function has code to access the RDS database. When the Lambda function runs, an error message indicates that the function cannot connect to the RDS database.

How can the developer solve this problem?

C. Create a security group for the Lambda function. Add a new rule in the RDS security group to allow traffic from the new Lambda security group.
B. Redeploy the Lambda function in the same subnet as the RDS instance. Ensure that the RDS security group allows traffic from the Lambda function.
A. Modify the RDS security group. Add a rule to allow traffic from all the ports from the VPC CIDR block.
D. Create an IAM role. Attach a policy that allows access to the RDS database. Attach the role to the Lambda function.

A developer created an AWS Lambda function that accesses resources in a VPC. The Lambda function polls an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue for new messages through a VPC endpoint. Then the function calculates a rolling average of the numeric values that are contained in the messages. After initial tests of the Lambda function, the developer found that the value of the rolling average that the function returned was not accurate.

How can the developer ensure that the function calculates an accurate rolling average?

C. Set the function's provisioned concurrency to 1. Calculate the rolling average in the function. Store the calculated rolling average in Amazon ElastiCache.
D. Modify the function to store the values in the function's layers. When the function initializes, use the previously stored values to calculate the rolling average.
A. Set the function's reserved concurrency to 1. Calculate the rolling average in the function. Store the calculated rolling average in Amazon ElastiCache.
B. Modify the function to store the values in Amazon ElastiCache. When the function initializes, use the previous values from the cache to calculate the rolling average.

A developer is writing unit tests for a new application that will be deployed on AWS. The developer wants to validate all pull requests with unit tests and merge the code with the main branch only when all tests pass.

The developer stores the code in AWS CodeCommit and sets up AWS CodeBuild to run the unit tests. The developer creates an AWS Lambda function to start the CodeBuild task. The developer needs to identify the CodeCommit events in an Amazon EventBridge event that can invoke the Lambda function when a pull request is created or updated.
Which CodeCommit event will meet these requirements?

D. event: [pullRequestUpdated, pullRequestSourceBranchCreated]
A. event: [pullRequestMergeStatusUpdated]
C. event: [pullRequestSourceBranchUpdated, pullRequestCreated]
B. event: [pullRequestApprovalRuleCreated]

A developer deployed an application to an Amazon EC2 instance. The application needs to know the public IPv4 address of the instance.

How can the application find this information?

C. Query the Amazon Machine Image (AMI) information from http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami/.
A. Query the instance metadata from http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/.
B. Query the instance user data from http://169.254.169.254/latestser-data/.
D. Check the hosts file of the operating system.

An application under development is required to store hundreds of video files. The data must be encrypted within the application prior to storage, with a unique key for each video file.

How should the developer code the application?

D. Upload the data to an S3 bucket using server side-encryption with an AWS KMS key.
C. Use the KMS GenerateDataKey API to get a data key. Encrypt the data with the data key. Store the encrypted data key and data.
A. Use the KMS Encrypt API to encrypt the data. Store the encrypted data key and data.
B. Use a cryptography library to generate an encryption key for the application. Use the encryption key to encrypt the data. Store the encrypted data.

A company is planning to deploy an application on AWS behind an Elastic Load Balancer. The application uses an HTTP/HTTPS listener and must access the client IP addresses.

Which load-balancing solution meets these requirements?

B. Use a Network Load Balancer (NLB). Enable proxy protocol support on the NLB and the target application.
D. Use a Network Load Balancer and the X-Forwarded-For headers.
C. Use an Application Load Balancer. Register the targets by the instance ID.
A. Use an Application Load Balancer and the X-Forwarded-For headers.

A developer wants to debug an application by searching and filtering log data. The application logs are stored in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The developer creates a new metric filter to count exceptions in the application logs. However, no results are returned from the logs.

What is the reason that no filtered results are being returned?

B. CloudWatch Logs only publishes metric data for events that happen after the filter is created.
D. Metric data points for logs groups can be filtered only after they are exported to an Amazon S3 bucket.
C. The log group for CloudWatch Logs should be first streamed to Amazon OpenSearch Service before metric filtering returns the results.
A. A setup of the Amazon CloudWatch interface VPC endpoint is required for filtering the CloudWatch Logs in the VPC.

A company hosts a batch processing application on AWS Elastic Beanstalk with instances that run the most recent version of Amazon Linux. The application sorts and processes large datasets.

In recent weeks, the application's performance has decreased significantly during a peak period for traffic. A developer suspects that the application issues are related to the memory usage. The developer checks the Elastic Beanstalk console and notices that memory usage is not being tracked.

How should the developer gather more information about the application performance issues?

B. Configure the Elastic Beanstalk .ebextensions directory to track the memory usage of the instances.
C. Configure the Amazon CloudWatch agent to track the memory usage of the instances.
A. Configure the Amazon CloudWatch agent to push logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs by using port 443.
D. Configure an Amazon CloudWatch dashboard to track the memory usage of the instances.

A company has a web application that is deployed on AWS. The application uses an Amazon API Gateway API and an AWS Lambda function as its backend.

The application recently demonstrated unexpected behavior. A developer examines the Lambda function code, finds an error, and modifies the code to resolve the problem. Before deploying the change to production, the developer needs to run tests to validate that the application operates properly.

The application has only a production environment available. The developer must create a new development environment to test the code changes. The developer must also prevent other developers from overwriting these changes during the test cycle.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort? (Choose two.)

B. Update the Lambda function in the API Gateway API integration request to use the hotfix alias. Deploy the API Gateway API to a new stage named hotfix. Test the backend.
E. Create a new API Gateway API for the development environment. Add a resource and method with Lambda integration. Choose the Lambda function and the hotfix alias. Deploy to a new stage. Test the backend.
A. Create a new resource in the current stage. Create a new method with Lambda proxy integration. Select the Lambda function. Add the hotfix alias. Redeploy the current stage. Test the backend.
D. Modify the Lambda function by fixing the code. Test the Lambda function. When the Lambda function is working as expected, publish the Lambda function as a new version. Create the alias hotfix. Point the alias to the new version.
C. Modify the Lambda function by fixing the code. Test the Lambda function. Create the alias hotfix. Point the alias to the $LATEST version.

A developer is implementing an AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) serverless application. The developer will provision several AWS Lambda functions and Amazon API Gateway APIs during AWS CloudFormation stack creation. The developer's workstation has the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) and the AWS CDK installed locally.

How can the developer test a specific Lambda function locally?

C. Run the cdk synth and sam local invoke commands with the function construct identifier and the path to the synthesized CloudFormation template.
B. Run the cdk synth and cdk deploy commands. Create a Lambda test event from the AWS Management Console. Test the Lambda function.
D. Run the cdk synth and sam local start-lambda commands with the function construct identifier and the path to the synthesized CloudFormation template.
A. Run the sam package and sam deploy commands. Create a Lambda test event from the AWS Management Console. Test the Lambda function.

A company's new mobile app uses Amazon API Gateway. As the development team completes a new release of its APIs, a developer must safely and transparently roll out the API change.

What is the SIMPLEST solution for the developer to use for rolling out the new API version to a limited number of users through API Gateway?

D. Use the canary release deployment option in API Gateway. Direct a percentage of the API traffic using the canarySettings setting.
B. Validate the new API version and promote it to production during the window of lowest expected utilization.
C. Implement an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to trigger a rollback if the observed HTTP 500 status code rate exceeds a predetermined threshold.
A. Create a new API in API Gateway. Direct a portion of the traffic to the new API using an Amazon Route 53 weighted routing policy.

A company caches session information for a web application in an Amazon DynamoDB table. The company wants an automated way to delete old items from the table.

What is the simplest way to do this?

C. Each day, create a new table to hold session data; delete the previous day's table.
D. Add an attribute with the expiration time; name the attribute ItemExpiration.
A. Write a script that deletes old records; schedule the script as a cron job on an Amazon EC2 instance.
B. Add an attribute with the expiration time; enable the Time To Live feature based on that attribute.

A developer is building an application that uses Amazon DynamoDB. The developer wants to retrieve multiple specific items from the database with a single API call.

Which DynamoDB API call will meet these requirements with the MINIMUM impact on the database?

B. GetItem
C. Scan
A. BatchGetItem
D. Query

A developer is creating an AWS Lambda function in VPC mode. An Amazon S3 event will invoke the Lambda function when an object is uploaded into an S3 bucket. The Lambda function will process the object and produce some analytic results that will be recorded into a file. Each processed object will also generate a log entry that will be recorded into a file.

Other Lambda functions, AWS services, and on-premises resources must have access to the result files and log file. Each log entry must also be appended to the same shared log file. The developer needs a solution that can share files and append results into an existing file.

Which solution should the developer use to meet these requirements?

B. Create an Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) Multi-Attach enabled volume. Attach the EBS volume to all Lambda functions. Update the Lambda function code to download the log file, append the log entries, and upload the modified log file to Amazon EBS.
A. Create an Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) file system. Mount the EFS file system in Lambda. Store the result files and log file in the mount point. Append the log entries to the log file.
D. Create a reference to the /opt storage directory. Store the result files and log file by using the directory reference. Append the log entry to the log file.
C. Create a reference to the /tmp local directory. Store the result files and log file by using the directory reference. Append the log entry to the log file.

A company uses AWS Lambda functions and an Amazon S3 trigger to process images into an S3 bucket. A development team set up multiple environments in a single AWS account.

After a recent production deployment, the development team observed that the development S3 buckets invoked the production environment Lambda functions. These invocations caused unwanted execution of development S3 files by using production Lambda functions. The development team must prevent these invocations. The team must follow security best practices.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Move the development and production environments into separate AWS accounts. Update the Lambda execution role for each function to add a policy that allows the execution role to read from the S3 bucket that is within the same account.
B. Move the development and production environments into separate AWS accounts. Add a resource policy to each Lambda function to allow only S3 buckets that are within the same account to invoke the function.
C. Add a resource policy to the production Lambda function to allow only the production environment S3 bucket to invoke the function.
A. Update the Lambda execution role for the production Lambda function to add a policy that allows the execution role to read from only the production environment S3 bucket.

A developer is creating an application. New users of the application must be able to create an account and register by using their own social media accounts.

Which AWS service or resource should the developer use to meet these requirements?

C. Amazon Cognito user pools
A. IAM role
D. AWS Directory Service
B. Amazon Cognito identity pools

A social media application uses the AWS SDK for JavaScript on the frontend to get user credentials from AWS Security Token Service (AWS STS). The application stores its assets in an Amazon S3 bucket. The application serves its content by using an Amazon CloudFront distribution with the origin set to the S3 bucket.

The credentials for the role that the application assumes to make the SDK calls are stored in plaintext in a JSON file within the application code. The developer needs to implement a solution that will allow the application to get user credentials without having any credentials hardcoded in the application code.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Add a CloudFront function to the distribution. Invoke the function on viewer request. Add permissions to the function's execution role to allow the function to access AWS STS. Move all SDK calls from the frontend into the function.
D. Add a CloudFront function to the distribution. Invoke the function on viewer request. Move the credentials from the JSON file into the function. Move all SDK calls from the frontend into the function.
A. Add a Lambda@Edge function to the distribution. Invoke the function on viewer request. Add permissions to the function's execution role to allow the function to access AWS STS. Move all SDK calls from the frontend into the function.
C. Add a Lambda@Edge function to the distribution. Invoke the function on viewer request. Move the credentials from the JSON file into the function. Move all SDK calls from the frontend into the function.

A company stores its data in data tables in a series of Amazon S3 buckets. The company received an alert that customer credit card information might have been exposed in a data table on one of the company's public applications. A developer needs to identify all potential exposures within the application environment.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Use Amazon Athena to run a job on the S3 buckets that contain the affected data. Filter the findings by using the SensitiveData:S3Object/Personal finding type.
B. Use Amazon Macie to run a job on the S3 buckets that contain the affected data. Filter the findings by using the SensitiveData:S3Object/Financial finding type.
C. Use Amazon Macie to run a job on the S3 buckets that contain the affected data. Filter the findings by using the SensitiveData:S3Object/Personal finding type.
D. Use Amazon Athena to run a job on the S3 buckets that contain the affected data. Filter the findings by using the SensitiveData:S3Object/Financial finding type.

A software company is launching a multimedia application. The application will allow guest users to access sample content before the users decide if they want to create an account to gain full access. The company wants to implement an authentication process that can identify users who have already created an account. The company also needs to keep track of the number of guest users who eventually create an account.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

D. Create a role for authenticated users that allows access to all content. Create a role for unauthenticated users that allows access to only the sample content.
C. Create an Amazon CloudFront distribution. Configure the distribution to allow unauthenticated users. Exchange user tokens for temporary credentials that allow all users to assume a role.
B. Create an Amazon Cognito identity pool. Configure the identity pool to allow unauthenticated users. Exchange unique identity for temporary credentials that allow all users to assume a role.
E. Allow all users to access the sample content by default. Create a role for authenticated users that allows access to the other content.
A. Create an Amazon Cognito user pool. Configure the user pool to allow unauthenticated users. Exchange user tokens for temporary credentials that allow authenticated users to assume a role.

A company is updating an application to move the backend of the application from Amazon EC2 instances to a serverless model. The application uses an Amazon RDS for MySQL DB instance and runs in a single VPC on AWS. The application and the DB instance are deployed in a private subnet in the VPC.

The company needs to connect AWS Lambda functions to the DB instance.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Create Lambda functions inside the VPC with the AWSLambdaVPCAccessExecutionRole policy attached to the Lambda execution role. Modify the RDS security group to allow inbound access from the Lambda security group.
A. Create Lambda functions inside the VPC with the AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole policy attached to the Lambda execution role. Modify the RDS security group to allow inbound access from the Lambda security group.
D. Create Lambda functions with the AWSLambdaVPCAccessExecutionRole policy attached to the Lambda execution role. Create an interface VPC endpoint for the Lambda functions. Configure the interface endpoint policy to allow the lambda:InvokeFunction action for each Lambda function's Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
C. Create Lambda functions with the AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole policy attached to the Lambda execution role. Create an interface VPC endpoint for the Lambda functions. Configure the interface endpoint policy to allow the lambda:InvokeFunclion action for each Lambda function's Amazon Resource Name (ARN).

A company has a web application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances with a custom Amazon Machine Image (AMI). The company uses AWS CloudFormation to provision the application. The application runs in the us-east-1 Region, and the company needs to deploy the application to the us-west-1 Region.

An attempt to create the AWS CloudFormation stack in us-west-1 fails. An error message states that the AMI ID does not exist. A developer must resolve this error with a solution that uses the least amount of operational overhead.

Which solution meets these requirements?

D. Manually deploy the application outside AWS CloudFormation in us-west-1.
A. Change the AWS CloudFormation templates for us-east-1 and us-west-1 to use an AWS AMI. Relaunch the stack for both Regions.
C. Build the custom AMI in us-west-1. Create a new AWS CloudFormation template to launch the stack in us-west-1 with the new AMI ID.
B. Copy the custom AMI from us-east-1 to us-west-1. Update the AWS CloudFormation template for us-west-1 to refer to AMI ID for the copied AMI. Relaunch the stack.

A company is providing read access to objects in an Amazon S3 bucket for different customers. The company uses IAM permissions to restrict access to the S3 bucket. The customers can access only their own files.

Due to a regulation requirement, the company needs to enforce encryption in transit for interactions with Amazon S3.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Add a bucket policy to the S3 bucket to deny S3 actions when the s3:x-amz-acl condition is equal to public-read.
C. Add an IAM policy to the IAM users to enforce the usage of the AWS SDK.
D. Add an IAM policy to the IAM users that allows S3 actions when the s3:x-amz-acl condition is equal to bucket-owner-read.
A. Add a bucket policy to the S3 bucket to deny S3 actions when the aws:SecureTransport condition is equal to false.

A company has an image storage web application that runs on AWS. The company hosts the application on Amazon EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group. The Auto Scaling group acts as the target group for an Application Load Balancer (ALB) and uses an Amazon S3 bucket to store the images for sale.

The company wants to develop a feature to test system requests. The feature will direct requests to a separate target group that hosts a new beta version of the application.

Which solution will meet this requirement with the LEAST effort?

B. Create a new ALB, Auto Scaling group, and target group for the beta version of the application. Configure an alternate Amazon Route 53 record for the new ALB endpoint. Use the alternate Route 53 endpoint in the test system requests to test the beta version of the application.
A. Create a new Auto Scaling group and target group for the beta version of the application. Update the ALB routing rule with a condition that looks for a cookie named version that has a value of beta. Update the test system code to use this cookie to test the beta version of the application.
D. Create a new Auto Scaling group and target group for the beta version of the application. Update the ALB routing rule with a condition that looks for a cookie named version that has a value of beta. Use Amazon CloudFront with Lambda@Edge to update the test system requests to add the required cookie when the requests go to the ALB.
C. Create a new ALB, Auto Scaling group, and target group for the beta version of the application. Use Amazon CloudFront with Lambda@Edge to determine which specific request will go to the new ALB. Use the CloudFront endpoint to send the test system requests to test the beta version of the application.

A company has hundreds of AWS Lambda functions that the company's QA team needs to test by using the Lambda function URLs. A developer needs to configure the authentication of the Lambda functions to allow access so that the QA IAM group can invoke the Lambda functions by using the public URLs.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Create a CLI script that loops on the Lambda functions to add a Lambda function URL with the NONE auth type. Run another script to create an IAM resource-based policy that allows the lambda:InvokeFunctionUrl action to all the Lambda function Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). Attach the policy to the QA IAM group.
A. Create a CLI script that loops on the Lambda functions to add a Lambda function URL with the AWS_IAM auth type. Run another script to create an IAM identity-based policy that allows the lambda:InvokeFunctionUrl action to all the Lambda function Amazon Resource Names (ARNs). Attach the policy to the QA IAM group.
C. Create a CLI script that loops on the Lambda functions to add a Lambda function URL with the AWS_IAM auth type. Run another script to loop on the Lambda functions to create an IAM identity-based policy that allows the lambda:InvokeFunctionUrl action from the QA IAM group's Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
D. Create a CLI script that loops on the Lambda functions to add a Lambda function URL with the NONE auth type. Run another script to loop on the Lambda functions to create an IAM resource-based policy that allows the lambda:InvokeFunctionUrl action from the QA IAM group's Amazon Resource Name (ARN).

A real-time messaging application uses Amazon API Gateway WebSocket APIs with backend HTTP service. A developer needs to build a feature in the application to identify a client that keeps connecting to and disconnecting from the WebSocket connection. The developer also needs the ability to remove the client.

Which combination of changes should the developer make to the application to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Switch to HTTP APIs in the backend service.
D. Add code to track the client status in Amazon ElastiCache in the backend service.
B. Switch to REST APIs in the backend service.
E. Implement $connect and $disconnect routes in the backend service.
C. Use the callback URL to disconnect the client from the backend service.

A developer is developing an application that uses signed requests (Signature Version 4) to call other AWS services. The developer has created a canonical request, has created the string to sign, and has calculated signing information.

Which methods could the developer use to complete a signed request? (Choose two.)

C. Add the signature to an HTTP header that is named Authentication.
A. Add the signature to an HTTP header that is named Authorization.
B. Add the signature to a session cookie.
D. Add the signature to a query string parameter that is named X-Amz-Signature.
E. Add the signature to an HTTP header that is named WWW-Authenticate.

A developer is creating an AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) template. The AWS SAM template contains the definition of multiple AWS Lambda functions, an Amazon S3 bucket, and an Amazon CloudFront distribution. One of the Lambda functions runs on Lambda@Edge in the CloudFront distribution. The S3 bucket is configured as an origin for the CloudFront distribution.

When the developer deploys the AWS SAM template in the eu-west-1 Region, the creation of the stack fails.

Which of the following could be the reason for this issue?

D. The CloudFront distribution and the S3 bucket cannot be created in the same Region.
A. CloudFront distributions can be created only in the us-east-1 Region.
C. A single AWS SAM template cannot contain multiple Lambda functions.
B. Lambda@Edge functions can be created only in the us-east-1 Region.

A developer is integrating Amazon ElastiCache in an application. The cache will store data from a database. The cached data must populate real-time dashboards.

Which caching strategy will meet these requirements?

A. A read-through cache
C. A lazy-loading cache
D. A write-through cache
B. A write-behind cache

A developer is creating an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function needs an external library to connect to a third-party solution. The external library is a collection of files with a total size of 100 MB. The developer needs to make the external library available to the Lambda execution environment and reduce the Lambda package space.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

C. Load the external library to the Lambda function's /tmp directory during deployment of the Lambda package. Import the library from the /tmp directory.
B. Create an Amazon S3 bucket. Upload the external library into the S3 bucket. Mount the S3 bucket folder in the Lambda function. Import the library by using the proper folder in the mount point.
D. Create an Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) volume. Upload the external library to the EFS volume. Mount the EFS volume in the Lambda function. Import the library by using the proper folder in the mount point.
A. Create a Lambda layer to store the external library. Configure the Lambda function to use the layer.

A company has a front-end application that runs on four Amazon EC2 instances behind an Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) in a production environment that is provisioned by AWS Elastic Beanstalk. A developer needs to deploy and test new application code while updating the Elastic Beanstalk platform from the current version to a newer version of Node.js. The solution must result in zero downtime for the application.

Which solution meets these requirements?

A. Clone the production environment to a different platform version. Deploy the new application code, and test it. Swap the environment URLs upon verification.
C. Perform an immutable update to deploy the new application code to new EC2 instances. Serve traffic to the new instances after they pass health checks.
B. Deploy the new application code in an all-at-once deployment to the existing EC2 instances. Test the code. Redeploy the previous code if verification fails.
D. Use a rolling deployment for the new application code. Apply the code to a subset of EC2 instances until the tests pass. Redeploy the previous code if the tests fail.

A developer is creating an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function will consume messages from an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue. The developer wants to integrate unit testing as part of the function's continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) process.

How can the developer unit test the function?

D. Use the aws lambda invoke command with a test event during the CI/CD process.
B. Create an SQS event for tests. Use a test that consumes messages from the SQS queue during the function's Cl/CD process.
C. Create an SQS queue for tests. Use this SQS queue in the application's unit test. Run the unit tests during the CI/CD process.
A. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that creates an SQS queue and deploys the Lambda function. Create a stack from the template during the CI/CD process. Invoke the deployed function. Verify the output.

A developer is working on a web application that uses Amazon DynamoDB as its data store. The application has two DynamoDB tables: one table that is named artists and one table that is named songs. The artists table has artistName as the partition key. The songs table has songName as the partition key and artistName as the sort key.

The table usage patterns include the retrieval of multiple songs and artists in a single database operation from the webpage. The developer needs a way to retrieve this information with minimal network traffic and optimal application performance.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Create a local secondary index (LSI) on the songs table that uses artistName as the partition key. Perform a query operation for each artistName on the songs table that filters by the list of songName. Perform a query operation for each artistName on the artists table.
C. Perform a BatchGetitem operation on the songs table that uses the songName/artistName keys. Perform a BatchGetltem operation on the artists table that uses artistName as the key.
A. Perform a BatchGetltem operation that returns items from the two tables. Use the list of songName/artistName keys for the songs table and the list of artistName key for the artists table.
D. Perform a Scan operation on each table that filters by the list of songName/artistName for the songs table and the list of artistName in the artists table.

A developer creates an AWS Lambda function that retrieves and groups data from several public API endpoints. The Lambda function has been updated and configured to connect to the private subnet of a VPC. An internet gateway is attached to the VPC. The VPC uses the default network ACL and security group configurations.

The developer finds that the Lambda function can no longer access the public API. The developer has ensured that the public API is accessible, but the Lambda function cannot connect to the API

How should the developer fix the connection issue?

B. Ensure that the security group allows outbound traffic to the public internet.
D. Ensure that outbound traffic from the private subnet is routed to a new internet gateway.
C. Ensure that outbound traffic from the private subnet is routed to a public NAT gateway.
A. Ensure that the network ACL allows outbound traffic to the public internet.

A developer needs to store configuration variables for an application. The developer needs to set an expiration date and time for the configuration. The developer wants to receive notifications before the configuration expires.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

C. Create an advanced parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Set Expiration and ExpirationNotification policy types.
B. Create a standard parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Create an AWS Lambda function to expire the configuration and to send Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) notifications.
D. Create an advanced parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Create an Amazon EC2 instance with a cron job to expire the configuration and to send notifications.
A. Create a standard parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Set Expiration and ExpirationNotification policy types.

A company is developing a serverless application that consists of various AWS Lambda functions behind Amazon API Gateway APIs. A developer needs to automate the deployment of Lambda function code. The developer will deploy updated Lambda functions with AWS CodeDeploy. The deployment must minimize the exposure of potential errors to end users. When the application is in production, the application cannot experience downtime outside the specified maintenance window.

Which deployment configuration will meet these requirements with the LEAST deployment time?

B. Use the AWS CodeDeploy linear deployment configuration to shift 10% of the traffic every minute.
C. Use the AWS CodeDeploy all-at-once deployment configuration to shift all traffic to the updated versions immediately.
D. Use the AWS CodeDeploy predefined canary deployment configuration to shift 10% of the traffic immediately and shift the remaining traffic after 5 minutes.
A. Use the AWS CodeDeploy in-place deployment configuration for the Lambda functions. Shift all traffic immediately after deployment.

A company is developing a serverless multi-tier application on AWS. The company will build the serverless logic tier by using Amazon API Gateway and AWS Lambda.
While the company builds the logic tier, a developer who works on the frontend of the application must develop integration tests. The tests must cover both positive and negative scenarios, depending on success and error HTTP status codes.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST effort?

A. Set up a mock integration for API methods in API Gateway. In the integration request from Method Execution, add simple logic to return either a success or error based on HTTP status code. In the integration response, add messages that correspond to the HTTP status codes.
D. Create a Lambda function to perform tests. Add simple logic to return either success or error-based HTTP status codes. Create a mock integration in API Gateway. Select the Lambda function that corresponds to the HTTP status codes.
B. Create two mock integration resources for API methods in API Gateway. In the integration request, return a success HTTP status code for one resource and an error HTTP status code for the other resource. In the integration response, add messages that correspond to the HTTP status codes.
C. Create Lambda functions to perform tests. Add simple logic to return either success or error, based on the HTTP status codes. Build an API Gateway Lambda integration. Select appropriate Lambda functions that correspond to the HTTP status codes.

A company has an application that uses AWS CodePipeline to automate its continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflow. The application uses AWS CodeCommit for version control. A developer who was working on one of the tasks did not pull the most recent changes from the main branch. A week later, the developer noticed merge conflicts.

How can the developer resolve the merge conflicts in the developer's branch with the LEAST development effort?

A. Clone the repository. Create a new branch. Update the branch with the changes.
C. Use the Commit Visualizer view to compare the commits when a feature was added. Fix the merge conflicts.
D. Stop the pull from the main branch to the feature branch. Rebase the feature branch from the main branch.
B. Create a new branch. Apply the changes from the previous branch.

An online food company provides an Amazon API Gateway HTTP API to receive orders for partners. The API is integrated with an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function stores the orders in an Amazon DynamoDB table.

The company expects to onboard additional partners. Some of the partners require additional Lambda functions to receive orders. The company has created an Amazon S3 bucket. The company needs to store all orders and updates in the S3 bucket for future analysis.

How can the developer ensure that all orders and updates are stored to Amazon S3 with the LEAST development effort?

C. Enable DynamoDB Streams on the DynamoDB table. Create a new Lambda function. Associate the stream’s Amazon Resource Name (ARN) with the Lambda function. Configure the Lambda function to write to the S3 bucket as records appear in the table's stream.
D. Modify the Lambda function to publish to a new Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as the Lambda function receives orders. Subscribe a new Lambda function to the topic. Configure the new Lambda function to write to the S3 bucket as updates come through the topic.
A. Create a new Lambda function and a new API Gateway API endpoint. Configure the new Lambda function to write to the S3 bucket. Modify the original Lambda function to post updates to the new API endpoint.
B. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to create a new data stream. Modify the Lambda function to publish orders to the data stream. Configure the data stream to write to the S3 bucket.

A company has an Amazon S3 bucket containing premier content that it intends to make available to only paid subscribers of its website. The S3 bucket currently has default permissions of all objects being private to prevent inadvertent exposure of the premier content to non-paying website visitors.

How can the company limit the ability to download a premier content file in the S3 bucket to paid subscribers only?

C. Add a bucket policy that requires multi-factor authentication for requests to access the S3 bucket objects.
A. Apply a bucket policy that allows anonymous users to download the content from the S3 bucket.
D. Enable server-side encryption on the S3 bucket for data protection against the non-paying website visitors.
B. Generate a pre-signed object URL for the premier content file when a paid subscriber requests a download.

A developer is building an application that uses AWS API Gateway APIs, AWS Lambda functions, and AWS DynamoDB tables. The developer uses the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) to build and run serverless applications on AWS. Each time the developer pushes changes for only to the Lambda functions, all the artifacts in the application are rebuilt.

The developer wants to implement AWS SAM Accelerate by running a command to only redeploy the Lambda functions that have changed.

Which command will meet these requirements?

A. sam deploy --force-upload
C. sam package
B. sam deploy --no-execute-changeset
D. sam sync --watch

A developer is building an application that gives users the ability to view bank accounts from multiple sources in a single dashboard. The developer has automated the process to retrieve API credentials for these sources. The process invokes an AWS Lambda function that is associated with an AWS CloudFormation custom resource.

The developer wants a solution that will store the API credentials with minimal operational overhead.

Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST secure way?

C. Add an AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store resource to the CloudFormation template. Set the CloudFormation resource value to reference the new credentials. Set the resource NoEcho attribute to true.
A. Add an AWS Secrets Manager GenerateSecretString resource to the CloudFormation template. Set the value to reference new credentials for the CloudFormation resource.
B. Use the AWS SDK ssm:PutParameter operation in the Lambda function from the existing custom resource to store the credentials as a parameter. Set the parameter value to reference the new credentials. Set the parameter type to SecureString.
D. Use the AWS SDK ssm:PutParameter operation in the Lambda function from the existing custom resource to store the credentials as a parameter. Set the parameter value to reference the new credentials. Set the parameter NoEcho attribute to true.

An organization is using Amazon CloudFront to ensure that its users experience low-latency access to its web application. The organization has identified a need to encrypt all traffic between users and CloudFront, and all traffic between CloudFront and the web application.

How can these requirements be met? (Choose two.)

E. Enable the CloudFront option Restrict Viewer Access.
C. Set the Origin’s HTTP Port to 443.
B. Set the Origin Protocol Policy to “HTTPS Only”.
D. Set the Viewer Protocol Policy to “HTTPS Only” or “Redirect HTTP to HTTPS”.
A. Use AWS KMS to encrypt traffic between CloudFront and the web application.

A developer is planning to migrate on-premises company data to Amazon S3. The data must be encrypted, and the encryption keys must support automatic annual rotation. The company must use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to encrypt the data.

Which type of keys should the developer use to meet these requirements?

B. Symmetric customer managed keys with key material that is generated by AWS
A. Amazon S3 managed keys
D. Symmetric customer managed keys with imported key material
C. Asymmetric customer managed keys with key material that is generated by AWS

A company has multiple Amazon VPC endpoints in the same VPC. A developer needs to configure an Amazon S3 bucket policy so users can access an S3 bucket only by using these VPC endpoints.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create a single S3 bucket policy that has multiple aws:sourceVpce value in the StringNotEquals condition. Repeat for all the VPC endpoint IDs.
A. Create multiple S3 bucket polices by using each VPC endpoint ID that have the aws:SourceVpce value in the StringNotEquals condition.
B. Create a single S3 bucket policy that has the aws:SourceVpc value and in the StringNotEquals condition to use VPC ID.
C. Create a single S3 bucket policy that has the aws:SourceVpce value and in the StringNotEquals condition to use vpce*.

A company uses a custom root certificate authority certificate chain (Root CA Cert) that is 10 KB in size to generate SSL certificates for its on-premises HTTPS endpoints. One of the company’s cloud-based applications has hundreds of AWS Lambda functions that pull data from these endpoints. A developer updated the trust store of the Lambda execution environment to use the Root CA Cert when the Lambda execution environment is initialized. The developer bundled the Root CA Cert as a text file in the Lambda deployment bundle.

After 3 months of development, the Root CA Cert is no longer valid and must be updated. The developer needs a more efficient solution to update the Root CA Cert for all deployed Lambda functions. The solution must not include rebuilding or updating all Lambda functions that use the Root CA Cert. The solution must also work for all development, testing, and production environments. Each environment is managed in a separate AWS account.

Which combination of steps should the developer take to meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively? (Choose two.)

B. Store the Root CA Cert as a SecureString parameter in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Create a resource-based policy. Add IAM users to allow access to the policy.
D. Refactor the Lambda code to load the Root CA Cert from the Root CA Cert’s location. Modify the runtime trust store inside the Lambda function handler.
E. Refactor the Lambda code to load the Root CA Cert from the Root CA Cert’s location. Modify the runtime trust store outside the Lambda function handler.
C. Store the Root CA Cert in an Amazon S3 bucket. Create a resource-based policy to allow access to the bucket.
A. Store the Root CA Cert as a secret in AWS Secrets Manager. Create a resource-based policy. Add IAM users to allow access to the secret.

A developer maintains applications that store several secrets in AWS Secrets Manager. The applications use secrets that have changed over time. The developer needs to identify required secrets that are still in use. The developer does not want to cause any application downtime.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements?

D. Configure AWS X-Ray for the applications. Create a sampling rule to match the GetSecretValue Secrets Manager API operation requests.
C. Deactivate the applications secrets and monitor the applications error logs temporarily.
B. Create a secretsmanager-secret-unused AWS Config managed rule. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to initiate notifications when the AWS Config managed rule is met.
A. Configure an AWS CloudTrail log file delivery to an Amazon S3 bucket. Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm for the GetSecretValue Secrets Manager API operation requests.

A developer migrated a legacy application to an AWS Lambda function. The function uses a third-party service to pull data with a series of API calls at the end of each month. The function then processes the data to generate the monthly reports. The function has been working with no issues so far.

The third-party service recently issued a restriction to allow a fixed number of API calls each minute and each day. If the API calls exceed the limit for each minute or each day, then the service will produce errors. The API also provides the minute limit and daily limit in the response header. This restriction might extend the overall process to multiple days because the process is consuming more API calls than the available limit.

What is the MOST operationally efficient way to refactor the serverless application to accommodate this change?

A. Use an AWS Step Functions state machine to monitor API failures. Use the Wait state to delay calling the Lambda function.
D. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to batch the API calls and deliver them to an Amazon S3 bucket with an event notification to invoke the Lambda function.
C. Use an Amazon CloudWatch Logs metric to count the number of API calls. Configure an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that stops the currently running instance of the Lambda function when the metric exceeds the API threshold limits.
B. Use an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue to hold the API calls. Configure the Lambda function to poll the queue within the API threshold limits.

A developer has observed an increase in bugs in the AWS Lambda functions that a development team has deployed in its Node.js application. To minimize these bugs, the developer wants to implement automated testing of Lambda functions in an environment that closely simulates the Lambda environment.

The developer needs to give other developers the ability to run the tests locally. The developer also needs to integrate the tests into the team’s continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline before the AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) deployment.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Install the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) CLI tool. Use the sam local generate-event command to generate sample events for the automated tests. Create automated test scripts that use the sam local invoke command to invoke the Lambda functions. Check the response. Document the test scripts for the other developers on the team. Update the CI/CD pipeline to run the test scripts.
A. Create sample events based on the Lambda documentation. Create automated test scripts that use the cdk local invoke command to invoke the Lambda functions. Check the response. Document the test scripts for the other developers on the team. Update the CI/CD pipeline to run the test scripts.
B. Install a unit testing framework that reproduces the Lambda execution environment. Create sample events based on the Lambda documentation. Invoke the handler function by using a unit testing framework. Check the response. Document how to run the unit testing framework for the other developers on the team. Update the CI/CD pipeline to run the unit testing framework.
D. Create sample events based on the Lambda documentation. Create a Docker container from the Node.js base image to invoke the Lambda functions. Check the response. Document how to run the Docker container for the other developers on the team. Update the CI/CD pipeline to run the Docker container.

When using the AWS Encryption SDK, how does the developer keep track of the data encryption keys used to encrypt data?

B. The SDK encrypts the data encryption key and stores it (encrypted) as part of the returned ciphertext.
A. The developer must manually keep track of the data encryption keys used for each data object.
D. The data encryption key is stored in the Userdata for the EC2 instance.
C. The SDK stores the data encryption keys automatically in Amazon S3.

A developer has code that is stored in an Amazon S3 bucket. The code must be deployed as an AWS Lambda function across multiple accounts in the same AWS Region as the S3 bucket. An AWS CloudFormation template that runs for each account will deploy the Lambda function.

What is the MOST secure way to allow CloudFormation to access the Lambda code in the S3 bucket?

D. Use a service-based link to grant the Lambda function the S3 GetObject permission. Add a resource of “*” to allow access to the S3 bucket.
B. Grant the CloudFormation service role the S3 GetObject permission. Add a bucket policy to Amazon S3 with the principal of “*”.
A. Grant the CloudFormation service role the S3 ListBucket and GetObject permissions. Add a bucket policy to Amazon S3 with the principal of “AWS”: [account numbers].
C. Use a service-based link to grant the Lambda function the S3 ListBucket and GetObject permissions by explicitly adding the S3 bucket’s account number in the resource.

A developer is building a serverless application that is based on AWS Lambda. The developer initializes the AWS software development kit (SDK) outside of the Lambda handler function.
What is the PRIMARY benefit of this action?

C. Provides better error handling
D. Creates a new SDK instance for each invocation
B. Takes advantage of runtime environment reuse
A. Improves legibility and stylistic convention

A developer at a company recently created a serverless application to process and show data from business reports. The application’s user interface (UI) allows users to select and start processing the files. The UI displays a message when the result is available to view. The application uses AWS Step Functions with AWS Lambda functions to process the files. The developer used Amazon API Gateway and Lambda functions to create an API to support the UI.

The company’s UI team reports that the request to process a file is often returning timeout errors because of the size or complexity of the files. The UI team wants the API to provide an immediate response so that the UI can display a message while the files are being processed. The backend process that is invoked by the API needs to send an email message when the report processing is complete.

What should the developer do to configure the API to meet these requirements?

A. Change the API Gateway route to add an X-Amz-Invocation-Type header with a static value of ‘Event’ in the integration request. Deploy the API Gateway stage to apply the changes.
D. Change the API Gateway route to add an X-Amz-Target header with a static value of ‘Async’ in the integration request. Deploy the API Gateway stage to apply the changes.
C. Change the API Gateway timeout value to match the Lambda function timeout value. Deploy the API Gateway stage to apply the changes.
B. Change the configuration of the Lambda function that implements the request to process a file. Configure the maximum age of the event so that the Lambda function will run asynchronously.

An application that is deployed to Amazon EC2 is using Amazon DynamoDB. The application calls the DynamoDB REST API. Periodically, the application receives a ProvisionedThroughputExceededException error when the application writes to a DynamoDB table.
Which solutions will mitigate this error MOST cost-effectively? (Choose two.)

D. Create a DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX) cluster for the DynamoDB table.
E. Create a second DynamoDB table. Distribute the reads and writes between the two tables.
A. Modify the application code to perform exponential backoff when the error is received.
C. Increase the read and write throughput of the DynamoDB table.
B. Modify the application to use the AWS SDKs for DynamoDB.

When a developer tries to run an AWS CodeBuild project, it raises an error because the length of all environment variables exceeds the limit for the combined maximum of characters.

What is the recommended solution?

D. Use AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store to store large numbers of environment variables.
C. Update the settings for the build project to use an Amazon S3 bucket for large numbers of environment variables.
B. Use Amazon Cognito to store key-value pairs for large numbers of environment variables.
A. Add the export LC_ALL="en_US.utf8" command to the pre_build section to ensure POSIX localization.

A company is expanding the compatibility of its photo-sharing mobile app to hundreds of additional devices with unique screen dimensions and resolutions. Photos are stored in Amazon S3 in their original format and resolution. The company uses an Amazon CloudFront distribution to serve the photos. The app includes the dimension and resolution of the display as GET parameters with every request.

A developer needs to implement a solution that optimizes the photos that are served to each device to reduce load time and increase photo quality.

Which solution will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?

A. Use S3 Batch Operations to invoke an AWS Lambda function to create new variants of the photos with the required dimensions and resolutions. Create a dynamic CloudFront origin that automatically maps the request of each device to the corresponding photo variant.
C. Create a Lambda@Edge function that optimizes the photos upon request and returns the photos as a response. Change the CloudFront TTL cache policy to the maximum value possible.
B. Use S3 Batch Operations to invoke an AWS Lambda function to create new variants of the photos with the required dimensions and resolutions. Create a Lambda@Edge function to route requests to the corresponding photo variant by using request headers.
D. Create a Lambda@Edge function that optimizes the photos upon request and returns the photos as a response. In the same function, store a copy of the processed photos on Amazon S3 for subsequent requests.

A developer is working on a Python application that runs on Amazon EC2 instances. The developer wants to enable tracing of application requests to debug performance issues in the code.

Which combination of actions should the developer take to achieve this goal? (Choose two.)

E. Install and configure the AWS X-Ray SDK for Python in the application.
A. Install the Amazon CloudWatch agent on the EC2 instances.
B. Install the AWS X-Ray daemon on the EC2 instances.
D. Configure the application to write trace data to /var/log/xray.
C. Configure the application to write JSON-formatted logs to /var/log/cloudwatch.

A developer is troubleshooting an Amazon API Gateway API. Clients are receiving HTTP 400 response errors when the clients try to access an endpoint of the API.

How can the developer determine the cause of these errors?

C. Turn on AWS X-Ray for the API stage. Create an Amazon CloudWatch Logs log group. Specify the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the log group for the API stage.
B. Turn on AWS CloudTrail Insights and create a trail. Specify the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the trail for the stage of the API.
A. Create an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream to receive API call logs from API Gateway. Configure Amazon CloudWatch Logs as the delivery stream’s destination.
D. Turn on execution logging and access logging in Amazon CloudWatch Logs for the API stage. Create a CloudWatch Logs log group. Specify the Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the log group for the API stage.

A company developed an API application on AWS by using Amazon CloudFront, Amazon API Gateway, and AWS Lambda. The API has a minimum of four requests every second. A developer notices that many API users run the same query by using the POST method. The developer wants to cache the POST request to optimize the API resources.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Override the cache method in the selected stage of API Gateway. Select the POST method.
D. Save the latest request in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Modify the Lambda function to take the latest request response from Parameter Store.
A. Configure the CloudFront cache. Update the application to return cached content based upon the default request headers.
C. Save the latest request response in Lambda /tmp directory. Update the Lambda function to check the /tmp directory.

A company is building a microservices application that consists of many AWS Lambda functions. The development team wants to use AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) templates to automatically test the Lambda functions. The development team plans to test a small percentage of traffic that is directed to new updates before the team commits to a full deployment of the application.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way? (Choose two.)

B. Declare the EventInvokeConfig on the Lambda functions in the AWS SAM templates with OnSuccess and OnFailure configurations.
E. Set the deployment preference type to Linear10PercentEvery10Minutes. Use hooks to test the deployment.
D. Set the deployment preference type to Canary10Percent30Minutes. Use hooks to test the deployment.
A. Use AWS SAM CLI commands in AWS CodeDeploy to invoke the Lambda functions to test the deployment.
C. Enable gradual deployments through AWS SAM templates.

A developer has been asked to create an AWS Lambda function that is invoked any time updates are made to items in an Amazon DynamoDB table. The function has been created, and appropriate permissions have been added to the Lambda execution role. Amazon DynamoDB streams have been enabled for the table, but the function is still not being invoked.

Which option would enable DynamoDB table updates to invoke the Lambda function?

A. Change the StreamViewType parameter value to NEW_AND_OLD_IMAGES for the DynamoDB table.
C. Map an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic to the DynamoDB streams.
B. Configure event source mapping for the Lambda function.
D. Increase the maximum runtime (timeout) setting of the Lambda function.

A developer needs to deploy an application running on AWS Fargate using Amazon ECS. The application has environment variables that must be passed to a container for the application to initialize.

How should the environment variables be passed to the container?

D. Define an array that includes the environment variables under the entryPoint parameter within the service definition.
B. Define an array that includes the environment variables under the environment parameter within the task definition.
A. Define an array that includes the environment variables under the environment parameter within the service definition.
C. Define an array that includes the environment variables under the entryPoint parameter within the task definition.

A company has an ecommerce application. To track product reviews, the company’s development team uses an Amazon DynamoDB table.

Every record includes the following:

• A Review ID, a 16-digit universally unique identifier (UUID)
• A Product ID and User ID, 16-digit UUIDs that reference other tables
• A Product Rating on a scale of 1-5
• An optional comment from the user

The table partition key is the Review ID. The most performed query against the table is to find the 10 reviews with the highest rating for a given product.

Which index will provide the FASTEST response for this query?

B. A global secondary index (GSI) with Product ID as the partition key and Review ID as the sort key
C. A local secondary index (LSI) with Product ID as the partition key and Product Rating as the sort key
A. A global secondary index (GSI) with Product ID as the partition key and Product Rating as the sort key
D. A local secondary index (LSI) with Review ID as the partition key and Product ID as the sort key

A company needs to distribute firmware updates to its customers around the world.

Which service will allow easy and secure control of the access to the downloads at the lowest cost?

A. Use Amazon CloudFront with signed URLs for Amazon S3.
B. Create a dedicated Amazon CloudFront Distribution for each customer.
D. Use Amazon API Gateway and AWS Lambda to control access to an S3 bucket.
C. Use Amazon CloudFront with AWS Lambda@Edge.

A developer is creating a mobile application that will not require users to log in.

What is the MOST efficient method to grant users access to AWS resources?

B. Create an AWS Lambda function to create an IAM user when a user accesses the application.
A. Use an identity provider to securely authenticate with the application.
D. Use Amazon Cognito to associate unauthenticated users with an IAM role that has limited access to resources.
C. Create credentials using AWS KMS and apply these credentials to users when using the application.

A company wants to automate part of its deployment process. A developer needs to automate the process of checking for and deleting unused resources that supported previously deployed stacks but that are no longer used.

The company has a central application that uses the AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) to manage all deployment stacks. The stacks are spread out across multiple accounts. The developer’s solution must integrate as seamlessly as possible within the current deployment process.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST amount of configuration?

C. In the central AWS CDK, write a handler function in the code that uses AWS SDK calls to check for and delete unused resources. Create an API in AWS Amplify. Use the API to attach the function code to an AWS Lambda function and to invoke the Lambda function when the deployment stack runs.
B. In the central AWS CDK application, write a handler function in the code that uses AWS SDK calls to check for and delete unused resources. Create an AWS CDK custom resource. Use the custom resource to attach the function code to an AWS Lambda function and to invoke the Lambda function when the deployment stack runs.
A. In the central AWS CDK application, write a handler function in the code that uses AWS SDK calls to check for and delete unused resources. Create an AWS CloudFormation template from a JSON file. Use the template to attach the function code to an AWS Lambda function and to invoke the Lambda function when the deployment stack runs.
D. In the AWS Lambda console, write a handler function in the code that uses AWS SDK calls to check for and delete unused resources. Create an AWS CDK custom resource. Use the custom resource to import the Lambda function into the stack and to invoke the Lambda function when the deployment stack runs.

A company needs to set up secure database credentials for all its AWS Cloud resources. The company’s resources include Amazon RDS DB instances, Amazon DocumentDB clusters, and Amazon Aurora DB instances. The company’s security policy mandates that database credentials be encrypted at rest and rotated at a regular interval.

Which solution will meet these requirements MOST securely?

A. Set up IAM database authentication for token-based access. Generate user tokens to provide centralized access to RDS DB instances, Amazon DocumentDB clusters, and Aurora DB instances.
D. Create an AWS Lambda function by using the SecretsManagerRotationTemplate template in the AWS Secrets Manager console. Create secrets for the database credentials in Secrets Manager. Set up secrets rotation on a schedule.
C. Store the database access credentials as an encrypted Amazon S3 object in an S3 bucket. Block all public access on the S3 bucket. Use S3 server-side encryption to set up automatic rotation on the encryption key.
B. Create parameters for the database credentials in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store. Set the Type parameter to SecureString. Set up automatic rotation on the parameters.

100

A developer is creating a new REST API by using Amazon API Gateway and AWS Lambda. The development team tests the API and validates responses for the known use cases before deploying the API to the production environment.

The developer wants to make the REST API available for testing by using API Gateway locally.

Which AWS Serverless Application Model Command Line Interface (AWS SAM CLI) subcommand will meet these requirements?

B. Sam local generate-event
C. Sam local start-lambda
A. Sam local invoke
D. Sam local start-api

101

A company has a serverless application on AWS that uses a fleet of AWS Lambda functions that have aliases. The company regularly publishes new Lambda function by using an in-house deployment solution. The company wants to improve the release process and to use traffic shifting. A newly published function version should initially make available only to a fixed percentage of production users.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Configure a canary deployment type for Lambda.
D. Configure a linear deployment type for Lambda.
C. Configure routing on the new versions by using environment variables.
A. Configure routing on the alias of the new function by using a weighted alias.

102

A developer is building a serverless application by using the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM). The developer is currently testing the application in a development environment. When the application is nearly finished, the developer will need to set up additional testing and staging environments for a quality assurance team.

The developer wants to use a feature of the AWS SAM to set up deployments to multiple environments.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?

D. Use the existing AWS SAM template. Add additional parameters to configure specific attributes for the serverless function and database table resources that are in each environment. Deploy updates to the testing and staging environments by using the sam deploy command.
A. Add a configuration file in TOML format to group configuration entries to every environment. Add a table for each testing and staging environment. Deploy updates to the environments by using the sam deploy command and the --config-env flag that corresponds to each environment.
C. Create one AWS SAM configuration file that has default parameters. Perform updates to the testing and staging environments by using the --parameter-overrides flag in the AWS SAM CLI and the parameters that the updates will override.
B. Create additional AWS SAM templates for each testing and staging environment. Write a custom shell script that uses the sam deploy command and the --template-file flag to deploy updates to the environments.

103

A developer is working on an application that processes operating data from IoT devices. Each IoT device uploads a data file once every hour to an Amazon S3 bucket. The developer wants to immediately process each data file when the data file is uploaded to Amazon S3.

The developer will use an AWS Lambda function to process the data files from Amazon S3. The Lambda function is configured with the S3 bucket information where the files are uploaded. The developer wants to configure the Lambda function to immediately invoke after each data file is uploaded.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Add a trigger to the Lambda function. Select the S3 bucket as the source.
A. Add an asynchronous invocation to the Lambda function. Select the S3 bucket as the source.
D. Add a layer to the Lambda function. Select the S3 bucket as the source.
B. Add an Amazon EventBridge event to the Lambda function. Select the S3 bucket as the source.

104

A developer is setting up infrastructure by using AWS CloudFormation. If an error occurs when the resources described in the Cloud Formation template are provisioned, successfully provisioned resources must be preserved. The developer must provision and update the CloudFormation stack by using the AWS CLI.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Add a --disable-rollback command line option to the create-stack command and the update-stack command.
C. Add a --parameters ParameterKey=PreserveResources,ParameterValue=True command line option to the create-stack command and the update-stack command.
A. Add an --enable-termination-protection command line option to the create-stack command and the update-stack command.
D. Add a --tags Key=PreserveResources,Value=True command line option to the create-stack command and the update-stack command.

105

A developer is creating an AWS CloudFormation stack. The stack contains IAM resources with custom names. When the developer tries to deploy the stack, they receive an InsufficientCapabilities error.

What should the developer do to resolve this issue?

D. Specify the CAPABILITY_NAMED_IAM capability in the CloudFormation stack.
C. Specify the CAPABILITY_IAM capability in the CloudFormation stack.
A. Specify the CAPABILITY_AUTO_EXPAND capability in the CloudFormation stack.
B. Use an administrators role to deploy IAM resources with CloudFormation.

106

A company uses Amazon API Gateway to expose a set of APIs to customers. The APIs have caching enabled in API Gateway. Customers need a way to invalidate the cache for each API when they test the API.

What should a developer do to give customers the ability to invalidate the API cache?

B. Attach an InvalidateCache policy to the IAM execution role that the customers use to invoke the API. Ask the customers to send a request that contains the Cache-Control:max-age=0 HTTP header when they make an API call.
C. Ask the customers to use the AWS SDK API Gateway class to invoke the InvalidateCache API operation.
D. Attach an InvalidateCache policy to the IAM execution role that the customers use to invoke the API. Ask the customers to add the INVALIDATE_CACHE query string parameter when they make an API call.
A. Ask the customers to use AWS credentials to call the InvalidateCache API operation.

107

A developer is creating an AWS Lambda function that will generate and export a file. The function requires 100 MB of temporary storage for temporary files while running. These files will not be needed after the function is complete.

How can the developer MOST efficiently handle the temporary files?

B. Copy the files to Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) and delete the files at the end of the Lambda function.
D. Copy the files to an Amazon S3 bucket with a lifecycle policy to delete the files.
C. Store the files in the /tmp directory and delete the files at the end of the Lambda function.
A. Store the files in Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) and delete the files at the end of the Lambda function.

108

A developer needs to troubleshoot an AWS Lambda function in a development environment. The Lambda function is configured in VPC mode and needs to connect to an existing Amazon RDS for SQL Server DB instance. The DB instance is deployed in a private subnet and accepts connections by using port 1433.

When the developer tests the function, the function reports an error when it tries to connect to the database.

Which combination of steps should the developer take to diagnose this issue? (Choose two.)

D. Check that the function’s execution role permissions include rds:DescribeDBInstances, rds:ModifyDBInstance. and rds:DescribeDBSecurityGroups for the DB instance.
A. Check that the function’s security group has outbound access on port 1433 to the DB instance’s security group. Check that the DB instance’s security group has inbound access on port 1433 from the function’s security group.
E. Check that the function’s execution role permissions include ec2:CreateNetworkInterface, ec2:DescribeNetworkInterfaces, and ec2:DeleteNetworkInterface.
B. Check that the function’s security group has inbound access on port 1433 from the DB instance’s security group. Check that the DB instance’s security group has outbound access on port 1433 to the function’s security group.
C. Check that the VPC is set up for a NAT gateway. Check that the DB instance has the public access option turned on.

109

A developer needs to launch a new Amazon EC2 instance by using the AWS CLI.

Which AWS CLI command should the developer use to meet this requirement?

C. aws ec2 confirm-product-instance
A. aws ec2 bundle-instance
B. aws ec2 start-instances
D. aws ec2 run-instances

110

An application uses AWS X-Ray to generate a large amount of trace data on an hourly basis. A developer wants to use filter expressions to limit the returned results through user-specified custom attributes.

How should the developer use filter expressions to filter the results in X-Ray?

D. Create new sampling rules that are based on custom attributes.
C. Add custom attributes as new segment fields in the segment document.
A. Add custom attributes as annotations in the segment document.
B. Add custom attributes as metadata in the segment document.

111

An application is real-time processing millions of events that are received through an API.

What service could be used to allow multiple consumers to process the data concurrently and MOST cost-effectively?

A. Amazon SNS with fanout to an SQS queue for each application
B. Amazon SNS with fanout to an SQS FIFO (first-in, first-out) queue for each application
C. Amazon Kinesis Firehose
D. Amazon Kinesis Data Streams

112

A developer has built an application that inserts data into an Amazon DynamoDB table. The table is configured to use provisioned capacity. The application is deployed on a burstable nano Amazon EC2 instance. The application logs show that the application has been failing because of a ProvisionedThroughputExceededException error.

Which actions should the developer take to resolve this issue? (Choose two.)

B. Increase the number of read capacity units (RCUs) that are provisioned for the DynamoDB table.
E. Change the capacity mode of the DynamoDB table from provisioned to on-demand.
C. Reduce the frequency of requests to DynamoDB by implementing exponential backoff.
A. Move the application to a larger EC2 instance.
D. Increase the frequency of requests to DynamoDB by decreasing the retry delay.

113

A developer is troubleshooting an application in an integration environment. In the application, an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue consumes messages and then an AWS Lambda function processes the messages. The Lambda function transforms the messages and makes an API call to a third-party service.

There has been an increase in application usage. The third-party API frequently returns an HTTP 429 Too Many Requests error message. The error message prevents a significant number of messages from being processed successfully.

How can the developer resolve this issue?

D. Configure maximum concurrency on the SQS event source based on the third-party service’s documented rate limits.
A. Increase the SQS event source’s batch size setting.
B. Configure provisioned concurrency for the Lambda function based on the third-party API’s documented rate limits.
C. Increase the retry attempts and maximum event age in the Lambda function’s asynchronous configuration.

114

A developer is writing an application to encrypt files outside of AWS before uploading the files to an Amazon S3 bucket. The encryption must be symmetric and must be performed inside the application.

How can the developer implement the encryption in the application to meet these requirements?

D. Create a data key in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Use the AWS CLI to encrypt the files.
B. Create a Hash-Based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) key in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Use the AWS Encryption SDK to encrypt the files.
C. Create a data key pair in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Use the AWS CLI to encrypt the files.
A. Create a data key in AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). Use the AWS Encryption SDK to encrypt the files.

115

A developer created a web API that receives requests by using an internet-facing Application Load Balancer (ALB) with an HTTPS listener. The developer configures an Amazon Cognito user pool and wants to ensure that every request to the API is authenticated through Amazon Cognito.

What should the developer do to meet this requirement?

A. Add a listener rule to the listener to return a fixed response if the Authorization header is missing. Set the fixed response to 401 Unauthorized.
B. Create an authentication action for the listener rules of the ALB. Set the rule action type to authenticate-cognito. Set the OnUnauthenticatedRequest field to “deny.”
D. Create a new target group that includes an AWS Lambda function target that validates the Authorization header by using Amazon Cognito. Associate the target group with the listener.
C. Create an Amazon API Gateway API. Configure all API methods to be forwarded to the ALB endpoint. Create an authorizer of the COGNITO_USER_POOLS type. Configure every API method to use that authorizer.

116

A company recently deployed an AWS Lambda function. A developer notices an increase in the function throttle metrics in Amazon CloudWatch.
What are the MOST operationally efficient solutions to reduce the function throttling? (Choose two.)

C. Increase the function’s reserved concurrency.
A. Migrate the function to Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS).
E. Request a service quota change for increased concurrency.
D. Add the lambda:GetFunctionConcurrency action to the execution role.
B. Increase the maximum age of events in Lambda.

117

A developer is building a serverless application by using AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) on multiple AWS Lambda functions. When the application is deployed, the developer wants to shift 10% of the traffic to the new deployment of the application for the first 10 minutes after deployment. If there are no issues, all traffic must switch over to the new version.

Which change to the AWS SAM template will meet these requirements?

C. Set the Deployment Preference Type to Canary10Percent10Minutes. Set the PreTraffic and PostTraffic properties to the Lambda alias.
A. Set the Deployment Preference Type to Canary10Percent10Minutes. Set the AutoPublishAlias property to the Lambda alias.
D. Set the Deployment Preference Type to Linear10PercentEvery10Minutes. Set PreTraffic and PostTraffic properties to the Lambda alias.
B. Set the Deployment Preference Type to Linear10PercentEvery10Minutes. Set AutoPublishAlias property to the Lambda alias.

118

A developer is building a new application that will be deployed on AWS. The developer has created an AWS CodeCommit repository for the application. The developer has initialized a new project for the application by invoking the AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) cdk init command.

The developer must write unit tests for the infrastructure as code (IaC) templates that the AWS CDK generates. The developer also must run a validation tool across all constructs in the CDK application to ensure that critical security configurations are activated.

Which combination of actions will meet these requirements with the LEAST development overhead? (Choose two.)

D. Write a script that searches the application for specific key configuration strings. Configure the script to produce a report of any security violations.
C. Use the CDK runtime context to set key-value pairs that must be present in the cdk.out file that the AWS CDK generates. Fail the stack synthesis if any violations are present.
E. Use the CDK Aspects class to create custom rules to apply to the CDK application. Fall the stack synthesis if any violations are present.
B. Use the CDK assertions module to integrate unit tests with the application. Run the unit tests in a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline that is invoked after any commit to the repository.
A. Use a unit testing framework to write custom unit tests against the cdk.out file that the AWS CDK generates. Run the unit tests in a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline that is invoked after any commit to the repository.

119

A company is using AWS Elastic Beanstalk to manage web applications that are running on Amazon EC2 instances. A developer needs to make configuration changes. The developer must deploy the changes to new instances only.

Which types of deployment can the developer use to meet this requirement? (Choose two.)

C. Rolling
A. All at once
E. Rolling with additional batch
B. Immutable
D. Bluereen

120

A company’s developer is creating an application that uses Amazon API Gateway. The company wants to ensure that only users in the Sales department can use the application. The users authenticate to the application by using federated credentials from a third-party identity provider (IdP) through Amazon Cognito. The developer has set up an attribute mapping to map an attribute that is named Department and to pass the attribute to a custom AWS Lambda authorizer.

To test the access limitation, the developer sets their department to Engineering in the IdP and attempts to log in to the application. The developer is denied access. The developer then updates their department to Sales in the IdP and attempts to log in. Again, the developer is denied access. The developer checks the logs and discovers that access is being denied because the developer’s access token has a department value of Engineering.

Which of the following is a possible reason that the developer’s department is still being reported as Engineering instead of Sales?

C. The IAM role for the custom Lambda authorizer does not have a Department tag.
B. Authorization caching is enabled on the Amazon Cognito user pool.
A. Authorization caching is enabled in the custom Lambda authorizer.
D. The IAM role for the Amazon Cognito user pool does not have a Department tag.

121

A developer is creating a machine learning (ML) pipeline in AWS Step Functions that contains AWS Lambda functions. The developer has configured an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue to deliver ML model parameters to the ML pipeline to train ML models. The developer uploads the trained models are uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket.

The developer needs a solution that can locally test the ML pipeline without making service integration calls to Amazon SQS and Amazon S3.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Use the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) CLI to run and locally test the Lambda functions.
D. Use AWS Step Functions Local with mocked service integrations.
A. Use the Amazon CodeGuru Profiler to analyze the Lambda functions used in the AWS Step Functions pipeline.
B. Use the AWS Step Functions Local Docker Image to run and locally test the Lambda functions.

122

A developer is building an application that will use an Amazon API Gateway API with an AWS Lambda backend. The team that will develop the frontend requires immediate access to the API endpoints to build the UI. To prepare the backend application for integration, the developer needs to set up endpoints. The endpoints need to return predefined HTTP status codes and JSON responses for the frontend team. The developer creates a method for an API resource.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Set the integration type to AWS_PROXY. Provision Lambda functions to return hardcoded JSON data.
C. Set the integration type to HTTP_PROXY. Configure API Gateway to pass all requests to an external placeholder API. which the team will build.
D. Set the integration type to MOCK. Use a method request to define HTTP status codes. Use an integration request to define JSON responses.
B. Set the integration type to MOCK. Configure the method's integration request and integration response to associate a JSON responses with specific HTTP status codes.

123

A developer is writing an application that will retrieve sensitive data from a third-party system. The application will format the data into a PDF file. The PDF file could be more than 1 MB. The application will encrypt the data to disk by using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). The application will decrypt the file when a user requests to download it. The retrieval and formatting portions of the application are complete.

The developer needs to use the GenerateDataKey API to encrypt the PDF file so that the PDF file can be decrypted later. The developer needs to use an AWS KMS symmetric customer managed key for encryption.

Which solutions will meet these requirements?

C. Write the encrypted key from the GenerateDataKey API to disk for later use. Use the plaintext key from the GenerateDataKey API to encrypt the file by using the KMS Encrypt API.
D. Write the plain text key from the GenerateDataKey API to disk for later use. Use the encrypted key from the GenerateDataKey API to encrypt the file by using the KMS Encrypt API.
A. Write the encrypted key from the GenerateDataKey API to disk for later use. Use the plaintext key from the GenerateDataKey API and a symmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt the file.
B. Write the plain text key from the GenerateDataKey API to disk for later use. Use the encrypted key from the GenerateDataKey API and a symmetric encryption algorithm to encrypt the file.

124

A company wants to test its web application more frequently. The company deploys the application by using a separate AWS CloudFormation stack for each environment. The company deploys the same CloudFormation template to each stack as the application progresses through the development lifecycle.

A developer needs to build in notifications for the quality assurance (QA) team. The developer wants the notifications to occur for new deployments in the final preproduction environment.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create an AWS Lambda function that notifies the QA team. Configure the event source mapping to receive events from CloudFormation. Specify the filtering values to limit invocations to the desired CloudFormation stack.
A. Create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the QA team to the Amazon SNS topic. Update the CloudFormation stack options to point to the SNS topic in the pre-production environment.
C. Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that monitors the metrics from CloudFormation. Filter the metrics on the stack name and the stack status. Configure the CloudWatch alarm to notify the QA team.
B. Create an AWS Lambda function that notifies the QA team. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to invoke the Lambda function on the default event bus. Filter the events on the CloudFormation service and on the CloudFormation stack Amazon Resource Name (ARN).

125

A developer manages three AWS accounts. Each account contains an Amazon RDS DB instance in a private subnet. The developer needs to define users in each database in a consistent way. The developer must ensure that the same users are created and updated later in all three accounts.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the MOST operational efficiency?

D. Implement an AWS Lambda function that creates the users in the database. Provide the function with the details of all three accounts.
C. Write a script that creates the users. Deploy an Amazon EC2 instance in each account to run the script on the databases. Run the script in each account.
B. Create an AWS CloudFormation template that contains a custom resource to create the users in the database. Deploy the template in each account.
A. Create an AWS CloudFormation template. Declare the users in the template. Attach the users to the database. Deploy the template in each account.

126

An application that runs on AWS receives messages from an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue and processes the messages in batches. The application sends the data to another SQS queue to be consumed by another legacy application. The legacy system can take up to 5 minutes to process some transaction data.

A developer wants to ensure that there are no out-of-order updates in the legacy system. The developer cannot alter the behavior of the legacy system.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Use an SQS FIFO queue. Configure the visibility timeout value.
D. Use an SQS FIFO queue. Configure the DelaySeconds value.
C. Use an SQS standard queue with a SendMessageBatchRequestEntry data type. Configure the visibility timeout value.
B. Use an SQS standard queue with a SendMessageBatchRequestEntry data type. Configure the DelaySeconds values.

127

A developer is optimizing an AWS Lambda function and wants to test the changes in production on a small percentage of all traffic. The Lambda function serves requests to a REST API in Amazon API Gateway. The developer needs to deploy their changes and perform a test in production without changing the API Gateway URL.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Define an alias on the $LATEST version of the Lambda function. Update the API Gateway endpoint to reference the new Lambda function alias. Upload and publish the optimized Lambda function code. On the production API Gateway stage, define a canary release and set the percentage of traffic to direct to the canary release. Update the API Gateway endpoint to use the $LATEST version of the Lambda function. Publish to the canary stage.
D. Define a function version for the currently deployed production Lambda function. Update the API Gateway endpoint to reference the new Lambda function version. Upload and publish the optimized Lambda function code. Update the API Gateway endpoint to use the $LATEST version of the Lambda function. Deploy the API to the production API Gateway stage.
A. Define a function version for the currently deployed production Lambda function. Update the API Gateway endpoint to reference the new Lambda function version. Upload and publish the optimized Lambda function code. On the production API Gateway stage, define a canary release and set the percentage of traffic to direct to the canary release. Update the API Gateway endpoint to use the $LATEST version of the Lambda function. Publish the API to the canary stage.
B. Define a function version for the currently deployed production Lambda function. Update the API Gateway endpoint to reference the new Lambda function version. Upload and publish the optimized Lambda function code. Update the API Gateway endpoint to use the $LATEST version of the Lambda function. Deploy a new API Gateway stage.

128

A photo sharing application uses Amazon S3 to store image files. All user images are manually audited for inappropriate content by a third-party company. The audits are completed 1-24 hours after user upload and the results are written to an Amazon DynamoDB table, which uses the S3 object key as a primary key. The database items can be queried by using a REST API created by the third-party company.

An application developer needs to implement an automated process to tag all S3 objects with the results of the content audit.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way?

C. Create an AWS Lambda function to load all untagged S3 objects. Retrieve the results for each item from the REST API and tag each S3 object accordingly. Create and configure an Amazon EventBridge rule to run at regular intervals. Set the Lambda function as a target for the EventBridge rule.
B. Create an AWS Lambda function to run in response to the s3:ObjectCreated event type. Integrate the function into an AWS Step Functions standard workflow. Define an AWS Step Functions Wait state and set the value to 24 hours. Create and configure a second Lambda function to retrieve the audit results and tag the S3 objects accordingly after the Wait state is over.
D. Launch an Amazon EC2 instance. Deploy a script to the EC2 instance to use the external database results to tag the S3 objects accordingly. Configure a crontab file to run the script at regular intervals.
A. Create an AWS Lambda function to run in response to the s3:ObjectCreated event type. Write the S3 key to an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue with a visibility timeout of 24 hours. Create and configure a second Lambda function to read items from the queue. Retrieve the results for each item from the DynamoDB table. Tag each S3 object accordingly.

129

A developer creates a static website for their department. The developer deploys the static assets for the website to an Amazon S3 bucket and serves the assets with Amazon CloudFront. The developer uses origin access control (OAC) on the CloudFront distribution to access the S3 bucket.

The developer notices users can access the root URL and specific pages but cannot access directories without specifying a file name. For example, /products/index.html works, but /products/ returns an error. The developer needs to enable accessing directories without specifying a file name without exposing the S3 bucket publicly.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create a custom error response on the CloudFront distribution with the HTTP error code set to the HTTP 404 Not Found response code and the response page path to /index.html. Set the HTTP response code to the HTTP 200 OK response code.
B. Update the Amazon S3 bucket settings and enable static website hosting. Specify index.html as the Index document. Update the S3 bucket policy to enable access. Update the CloudFront distribution's origin to use the S3 website endpoint.
A. Update the CloudFront distribution's settings to index.html as the default root object is set.
C. Create a CloudFront function that examines the request URL and appends index.html when directories are being accessed. Add the function as a viewer request CloudFront function to the CloudFront distribution's behavior.

130

A developer is testing a RESTful application that is deployed by using Amazon API Gateway and AWS Lambda. When the developer tests the user login by using credentials that are not valid, the developer receives an HTTP 405: METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED error. The developer has verified that the test is sending the correct request for the resource.

Which HTTP error should the application return in response to the request?

C. HTTP 503
B. HTTP 404
A. HTTP 401
D. HTTP 505

131

A developer must use multi-factor authentication (MFA) to access data in an Amazon S3 bucket that is in another AWS account.

Which AWS Security Token Service (AWS STS) API operation should the developer use with the MFA information to meet this requirement?

D. AssumeRole
A. AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity
B. GetFederationToken
C. AssumeRoleWithSAML

132

A developer is using AWS Step Functions to automate a workflow. The workflow defines each step as an AWS Lambda function task. The developer notices that runs of the Step Functions state machine fail in the GetResource task with either an IllegalArgumentException error or a TooManyRequestsException error.

The developer wants the state machine to stop running when the state machine encounters an IllegalArgumentException error. The state machine needs to retry the GetResource task one additional time after 10 seconds if the state machine encounters a TooManyRequestsException error. If the second attempt fails, the developer wants the state machine to stop running.

How can the developer implement the Lambda retry functionality without adding unnecessary complexity to the state machine?

B. Add a catcher to the GetResource task. Configure the catcher with an error type of TooManyRequestsException, an interval of 10 seconds, and a maximum attempts value of 1. Configure the next step to be the GetResource task.
A. Add a Delay task after the GetResource task. Add a catcher to the GetResource task. Configure the catcher with an error type of TooManyRequestsException. Configure the next step to be the Delay task. Configure the Delay task to wait for an interval of 10 seconds. Configure the next step to be the GetResource task.
D. Duplicate the GetResource task. Rename the new GetResource task to TryAgain. Add a catcher to the original GetResource task. Configure the catcher with an error type of TooManyRequestsException. Configure the next step to be TryAgain.
C. Add a retrier to the GetResource task. Configure the retrier with an error type of TooManyRequestsException, an interval of 10 seconds, and a maximum attempts value of 1.

133

A developer is creating a serverless application that uses an AWS Lambda function. The developer will use AWS CloudFormation to deploy the application. The application will write logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The developer has created a log group in a CloudFormation template for the application to use. The developer needs to modify the CloudFormation template to make the name of the log group available to the application at runtime.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Use the AWS::Include transform in CloudFormation to provide the log group's name to the application.
C. Use the CloudFormation template's Mappings section to specify the log group's name for the application.
D. Pass the log group's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) as an environment variable to the Lambda function.
B. Pass the log group's name to the application in the user data section of the CloudFormation template.

134

A developer is creating an Amazon DynamoDB table by using the AWS CLI. The DynamoDB table must use server-side encryption with an AWS owned encryption key.

How should the developer create the DynamoDB table to meet these requirements?

C. Create an AWS owned key. Provide the key's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) in the KMSMasterKeyId parameter during creation of the DynamoDB table.
A. Create an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) customer managed key. Provide the key's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) in the KMSMasterKeyId parameter during creation of the DynamoDB table.
B. Create an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) AWS managed key. Provide the key's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) in the KMSMasterKeyId parameter during creation of the DynamoDB table.
D. Create the DynamoDB table with the default encryption options.

135

A company has an application that runs across multiple AWS Regions. The application is experiencing performance issues at irregular intervals. A developer must use AWS X-Ray to implement distributed tracing for the application to troubleshoot the root cause of the performance issues.

What should the developer do to meet this requirement?

D. Use Region annotation that X-Ray adds automatically for user-defined services. Configure X-Ray to add Region annotation for AWS services.
B. Use Region annotation that X-Ray adds automatically for AWS services. Add Region annotation for user-defined services.
A. Use the X-Ray console to add annotations for AWS services and user-defined services.
C. Use the X-Ray daemon to add annotations for AWS services and user-defined services.

136

A company runs an application on AWS. The application uses an AWS Lambda function that is configured with an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue called high priority queue as the event source. A developer is updating the Lambda function with another SQS queue called low priority queue as the event source. The Lambda function must always read up to 10 simultaneous messages from the high priority queue before processing messages from low priority queue. The Lambda function must be limited to 100 simultaneous invocations.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Set the event source mapping batch window to 10 for the high priority queue and to 90 for the low priority queue.
C. Set the event source mapping maximum concurrency to 10 for the high priority queue and to 90 for the low priority queue.
B. Set the delivery delay to 0 seconds for the high priority queue and to 10 seconds for the low priority queue.
A. Set the event source mapping batch size to 10 for the high priority queue and to 90 for the low priority queue.

137

A data visualization company wants to strengthen the security of its core applications. The applications are deployed on AWS across its development, staging, pre-production, and production environments. The company needs to encrypt all of its stored sensitive credentials. The sensitive credentials need to be automatically rotated. A version of the sensitive credentials need to be stored for each environment.

Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way?

C. Configure the environment variables in the application code. Use different names for each environment type.
B. Create a new parameter version in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store for each environment. Store the environment-specific credentials in the parameter version.
D. Configure AWS Secrets Manager to create a new secret for each environment type. Store the environment-specific credentials in the secret.
A. Configure AWS Secrets Manager versions to store different copies of the same credentials across multiple environments.

138

A developer is investigating an issue in part of a company's application. In the application, messages are sent to an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue. The AWS Lambda function polls messages from the SQS queue and sends email messages by using Amazon Simple Email Service (Amazon SES). Users have been receiving duplicate email messages during periods of high traffic.
Which reasons could explain the duplicate email messages? (Choose two.)

A. Standard SQS queues support at-least-once message delivery.
B. Standard SQS queues support exactly-once processing, so the duplicate email messages are because of user error.
E. The Amazon SES bounce rate metric is too high.
D. The SQS queue's visibility timeout is lower than or the same as the Lambda function's timeout.
C. Amazon SES has the DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) authentication incorrectly configured.

139

A company's developer has deployed an application in AWS by using AWS CloudFormation. The CloudFormation stack includes parameters in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store that the application uses as configuration settings. The application can modify the parameter values.

When the developer updated the stack to create additional resources with tags, the developer noted that the parameter values were reset and that the values ignored the latest changes made by the application. The developer needs to change the way the company deploys the CloudFormation stack. The developer also needs to avoid resetting the parameter values outside the stack.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort

B. Create an Amazon DynamoDB table as a resource in the CloudFormation stack to hold configuration data for the application. Migrate the parameters that the application is modifying from Parameter Store to the DynamoDB table.
C. Create an Amazon RDS DB instance as a resource in the CloudFormation stack. Create a table in the database for parameter configuration. Migrate the parameters that the application is modifying from Parameter Store to the configuration table.
D. Modify the CloudFormation stack policy to deny updates on Parameter Store parameters.
A. Modify the CloudFormation stack to set the deletion policy to Retain for the Parameter Store parameters.

140

A developer created an AWS Lambda function that performs a series of operations that involve multiple AWS services. The function's duration time is higher than normal. To determine the cause of the issue, the developer must investigate traffic between the services without changing the function code.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Review the Amazon CloudWatch logs that are associated with the Lambda function.
C. Review the AWS Config logs in Amazon CloudWatch.
A. Enable AWS X-Ray active tracing in the Lambda function. Review the logs in X-Ray.
B. Configure AWS CloudTrail. View the trail logs that are associated with the Lambda function.

141

A company has on-premises data centers that run an image processing service. The service consists of containerized applications that run on Kubernetes clusters. All the applications have access to the same NFS share for files and data storage.

The company is running out of NFS capacity in the data centers and needs to migrate to AWS as soon as possible. The Kubernetes clusters must be highly available on AWS.

Which combination of actions will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

E. Create an Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) cluster to run the applications. Configure each node of the cluster to mount the Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) volume at the required path for the container images.
D. Create an Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) cluster to run the applications. Configure each node of the cluster to mount the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume at the required path for the container images.
C. Create an Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) cluster to run the applications. Configure each node of the cluster to mount the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume at the required path for the container images.
B. Transfer the information that is in the NFS share to an Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) volume. Upload the container images to Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).
A. Transfer the information that is in the NFS share to an Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volume. Upload the container images to Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR).

142

A company has an analytics application that uses an AWS Lambda function to process transaction data asynchronously. A developer notices that asynchronous invocations of the Lambda function sometimes fail. When failed Lambda function invocations occur, the developer wants to invoke a second Lambda function to handle errors and log details.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create a status check alarm on the initial Lambda function. Configure the alarm to invoke the error-handling Lambda function when the alarm is initiated. Ensure that the alarm passes the stack trace in the event object.
C. Configure a Lambda function trigger with a failure condition. Specify Lambda function as the destination type. Specify the error-handling Lambda function's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) as the resource.
A. Configure a Lambda function destination with a failure condition. Specify Lambda function as the destination type. Specify the error-handling Lambda function's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) as the resource.
B. Enable AWS X-Ray active tracing on the initial Lambda function. Configure X-Ray to capture stack traces of the failed invocations. Invoke the error-handling Lambda function by including the stack traces in the event object.

143

A company introduced a new feature that should be accessible to only a specific group of premium customers. A developer needs the ability to turn the feature on and off in response to performance and feedback. The developer needs a solution to validate and deploy these configurations quickly without causing any disruptions.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements?

B. Use AWS Secrets Manager to securely manage and validate the feature configurations. Enable lifecycle rules to turn the feature on and off.
A. Use AWS AppConfig to manage the feature configuration and to validate and deploy changes. Use feature flags to turn the feature on and off.
C. Use AWS Config to manage the feature configuration and validation. Set up AWS Config rules to turn the feature on and off based on predefined conditions.
D. Use AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store to store and validate the configuration settings for the feature. Enable lifecycle rules to turn the feature on and off.

144

A developer needs approval from a product owner before the developer can deploy code for an application to production. The developer uses AWS CodePipeline to deploy the application. The developer configures an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic to send notifications to the product owner.

Which solution is the MOST operationally efficient way for the developer to receive approval from the product owner?

D. Edit the settings in CodePipeline. Create a new notification rule. Specify manual approval as the event that initiates the notification. Create a new notification target. Specify the SNS topic to notify the product owner. Save the notification rule.
C. Add a manual approval action to the existing production deployment stage in CodePipeline. Specify the SNS topic's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) while configuring the new manual approval action.
B. Develop an AWS Step Functions state machine that sends a notification to the product owner and accepts an approval. Add a new stage to CodePipeline before the production deployment. Add the state machine as a Step Functions action to the new stage.
A. Add a new stage to CodePipeline before the production deployment. Add a manual approval action to the new stage. Add a new notification rule in the pipeline settings. Specify manual approval as the event that initiates the notification. Specify the SNS topic's Amazon Resource Name (ARN) to notify the product owner.

145

A company runs a serverless application on AWS. The application includes an AWS Lambda function. The Lambda function processes data and stores the data in an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. A developer created a user credentials in the database for the application.

The developer needs to use AWS Secrets Manager to manage the user credentials. The password must to be rotated on a regular basis. The solution needs to ensure that there is high availability and no downtime for the application during secret rotation.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements?

C. Configure automatic rotation with the single user rotation strategy.
A. Configure managed rotation with the single user rotation strategy.
D. Configure automatic rotation with the alternating users rotation strategy.
B. Configure managed rotation with the alternating users rotation strategy.

146

A developer uses AWS CloudFormation to deploy an Amazon API Gateway API and an AWS Step Functions state machine. The state machine must reference the API Gateway API after the CloudFormation template is deployed. The developer needs a solution that uses the state machine to reference the API Gateway endpoint.

Which solution will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?

A. Configure the CloudFormation template to reference the API endpoint in the DefinitionSubstitutions property for the AWS::StepFunctions::StateMachine resource.
B. Configure the CloudFormation template to store the API endpoint in an environment variable for the AWS::StepFunctions::StateMachine resource. Configure the state machine to reference the environment variable.
C. Configure the CloudFormation template to store the API endpoint in a standard AWS::SecretsManager::Secret resource. Configure the state machine to reference the resource.
D. Configure the CloudFormation template to store the API endpoint in a standard AWS::AppConfig::ConfigurationProfile resource. Configure the state machine to reference the resource.

147

A developer needs to deploy an application in three AWS Regions by using AWS CloudFormation. Each Region will use an AWS Elastic Beanstalk environment with an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The developer wants to use AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) to deploy SSL certificates to each ALB.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Create a certificate in ACM in the us-east-1 Region. Update the CloudFormation template to deploy the certificate to each ALB.
B. Create a global certificate in ACM. Update the CloudFormation template to deploy the global certificate to each ALB.
A. Create a certificate in ACM in any one of the Regions. Import the certificate into the ALB that is in each Region.
C. Create a certificate in ACM in each Region. Import the certificate into the ALB for each Region.

148

A company needs to deploy all its cloud resources by using AWS CloudFormation templates. A developer must create an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) automatic notification to help enforce this rule. The developer creates an SNS topic and subscribes the email address of the company's security team to the SNS topic.

The security team must receive a notification immediately if an IAM role is created without the use of CloudFormation.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

C. Launch an Amazon EC2 instance that includes a script to filter events from CloudTrail if a role was created without CloudFormation. Configure the script to publish to the SNS topic. Create a cron job to run the script on tile EC2 instance every 15 minutes.
D. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to filter events from CloudTrail if a role was created without CloudFormation. Specify the SNS topic as the target of the EventBridge rule.
A. Create an AWS Lambda function to filter events from CloudTrail if a role was created without CloudFormation. Configure the Lambda function to publish to the SNS topic. Create an Amazon EventBridge schedule to invoke the Lambda function every 15 minutes.
B. Create an AWS Fargate task in Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) to filter events from CloudTrail if a role was created without CloudFormation. Configure the Fargate task to publish to the SNS topic. Create an Amazon EventBridge schedule to run the Fargate task every 15 minutes.

149

A company is adopting serverless computing for some of its new services. A development team needs to create a serverless infrastructure by using AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM). All infrastructure must be deployed by using AWS CloudFormation templates.

What should the development team do to meet these requirements?

A. Add a Resources section to the CloudFormation templates that contains AWS::Lambda::Function resources.
D. Add a Parameters section to the CloudFormation templates that specifies the relevant AWS SAM Globals section.
B. Add a Mappings section to the CloudFormation templates that contains AWS::Serverless::Function and AWS::Serverless::API.
C. Add a Transform section to the CloudFormation templates. Use the AWS SAM syntax to define the resources.

150

A company has a mobile app. The app includes an Amazon API Gateway REST API that invokes AWS Lambda functions. The Lambda functions process data from the app.

The company needs to test updated Lambda functions that have new features. The company must conduct these tests with a subset of users before deployment. The tests must not affect other users of the app.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST amount of operational effort?

A. Create a new version of each Lambda function with a weighted alias. Configure a weight value for each version of the Lambda function. Update the new weighted alias Amazon Resource Name (ARN) in the REST API.
C. Create a new version of each Lambda function. Integrate a predefined canary deployment in AWS CodeDeploy to slowly shift the traffic to the new versions automatically.
D. Create a new REST API in API Gateway. Set up a Lambda non-proxy integration to connect to multiple Lambda functions. Specify the necessary parameters and properties in API Gateway. Enable canary settings on the deployment stage. Specify a smaller percentage of API traffic to go to the new version of the Lambda function.
B. Create a new REST API in API Gateway. Set up a Lambda proxy integration to connect to multiple Lambda functions. Enable canary settings on the deployment stage. Specify a smaller percentage of API traffic to go to the new version of the Lambda function.

151

A developer works for a company that only has a single pre-production AWS account with an AWS CloudFormation AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) stack. The developer made changes to an existing AWS Lambda function specified in the AWS SAM template and additional Amazon Simple Notification service (Amazon SNS) topics.

The developer wants to do a one-time deploy of the changes to test if the changes are working. The developer does not want to impact the existing pre-production application that is currently being used by other team members as part of the release pipeline.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

B. Use the AWS SAM CLI to package and create a change set against the pre-production AWS account. Execute the change set in a new AWS account designated for a development environment.
D. Update the CloudFormation stack in the pre-production account. Add a separate stage that points to a new AWS account designated for a development environment.
C. Use the AWS SAM CLI to package and deploy the SAM application to a new AWS account designated for a development environment.
A. Use the AWS SAM CLI to package and deploy the SAM application to the pre-production AWS account. Specify the debug parameter.

152

A company uses an AWS Lambda function that reads messages from an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) standard queue. The Lambda function makes an HTTP call to a third-party API for each message. The company wants to ensure that the Lambda function does not overwhelm the third-party API with more than two concurrent requests.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Configure a maximum concurrency of two on the Amazon SQS event source mapping for the Lambda function.
C. Configure Lambda event filtering to process two messages from Amazon SQS at every invocations.
B. Configure a batch size of two on the Amazon SQS event source mapping for the Lambda function.
A. Configure a provisioned concurrency of two on the Lambda function.

153

A developer is creating a publicly accessible enterprise website consisting of only static assets. The developer is hosting the website in Amazon S3 and serving the website to users through an Amazon CloudFront distribution. The users of this application must not be able to access the application content directly from an S3 bucket. All content must be served through the Amazon CloudFront distribution.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Update the CloudFront distribution's origin to send a custom header. Update the S3 bucket policy with a condition by using the aws:RequestTag/tag-key key. Configure the tag-key as the custom header name, and the value being matched is the header's value.
B. Update the S3 bucket settings. Enable the block all public access setting in Amazon S3. Configure the CloudFront distribution's with Amazon S3 as the origin. Update the S3 bucket policy to allow CloudFront write access.
A. Create a new origin access control (OAC) in CloudFront. Configure the CloudFront distribution's origin to use the new OAC. Update the S3 bucket policy to allow CloudFront OAC with read and write access to access Amazon S3 as the origin.
C. Update the S3 bucket's static website settings. Enable static website hosting and specifying index and error documents. Update the CloudFront origin to use the S3 bucket's website endpoint.

154

A developer is creating a simple proof-of-concept demo by using AWS CloudFormation and AWS Lambda functions. The demo will use a CloudFormation template to deploy an existing Lambda function. The Lambda function uses deployment packages and dependencies stored in Amazon S3. The developer defined an AWS::Lambda::Function resource in a CloudFormation template. The developer needs to add the S3 bucket to the CloudFormation template.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?

D. Add the relevant key and bucket to the S3Bucket and S3Key properties in the CloudFormation template.
A. Add the function code in the CloudFormation template inline as the code property.
B. Add the function code in the CloudFormation template as the ZipFile property.
C. Find the S3 key for the Lambda function. Add the S3 key as the ZipFile property in the CloudFormation template.

155

A developer is storing many objects in a single Amazon S3 bucket. The developer needs to optimize the S3 bucket for high request rates.

How should the developer store the objects to meet this requirement?

A. Store the objects by using S3 Intelligent-Tiering.
C. Store the objects by using object key names distributed across multiple prefixes.
B. Store the objects at the root of the S3 bucket.
D. Store each object with an object tag named "prefix" that contains a unique value.

156

A company deploys a new application to AWS. The company is streaming application logs to Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The company's development team must receive notification by email when the word "ERROR" appears in any log lines. A developer sets up an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic and subscribes the development team to the topic.

What should the developer do next to meet the requirements?

B. In CloudWatch Logs Insights, select the appropriate log group. Create a metric query to search for the term "ERROR" in the logs. Create an alarm on this metric that notifies the SNS topic when the metric is 1 or higher.
D. Create a CloudWatch alarm that includes "ERROR" as a filter pattern, a log group dimension that defines the appropriate log group, and a destination that notifies the SNS topic.
A. Select the appropriate log group. Create a CloudWatch metric filter with "ERROR" as the search term. Create an alarm on this metric that notifies the SNS topic when the metric is 1 or higher.
C. Select the appropriate log group. Create an SNS subscription filter with "ERROR" as the filter pattern. Select the SNS topic as the destination.

157

A company uses Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) to decouple its microservices architecture. Some messages in an SQS queue contain sensitive information. A developer must implement a solution that encrypts all the data at rest.
Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Enable server-side encryption for the SQS queue by using an SQS managed encryption key (SSE-SQS).
B. Use the aws:SecureTransport condition in the queue policy to ensure that only HTTPS (TLS) is used for all requests to the SQS queue.
D. Set a message attribute in the SQS SendMessage request for messages that are sent to the queue. Set the Name to ENCRYPT. Set the Value to TRUE.
C. Use AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) to generate an SSL/TLS certificate. Reference the certificate when messages are sent to the queue.

158

A developer is using an AWS CodePipeline pipeline to provide continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) support for a Java application. The developer needs to update the pipeline to support the introduction of a new application dependency .jar file. The pipeline must start a build when a new version of the .jar file becomes available.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create an Amazon S3 bucket to store the dependency .jar file. Publish the dependency .jar file to the S3 bucket. Use an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) notification to start a CodePipeline pipeline build.
D. Create an AWS CodeArtifact repository. Publish the dependency .jar file to the repository. Use an Amazon EventBridge rule to start a CodePipeline pipeline build.
C. Create an Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR) private repository. Publish the dependency .jar file to the repository. Use an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) notification to start a CodePipeline pipeline build.
B. Create an Amazon Elastic Container Registry (Amazon ECR) private repository. Publish the dependency .jar file to the repository. Use an ECR source action to start a CodePipeline pipeline build.

159

A company stores all personally identifiable information (PII) in an Amazon DynamoDB table named PII in Account A. Developers are working on an application that is running on Amazon EC2 instances in Account B. The application in Account B requires access to the PII table.

An administrator in Account A creates an IAM role named AccessPII that has permission to access the PII table. The administrator also creates a trust policy that specifies Account B as a principal that can assume the role.

Which combination of steps should the developers take in Account B to allow their application to access the PII table? (Choose two.)

C. Include the AWS API in the application code logic to obtain temporary credentials from the EC2 IAM role to access the PII table.
A. Allow the EC2 IAM role the permission to assume the AccessPII role.
D. Include the AssumeRole API operation in the application code logic to obtain temporary credentials to access the PII table.
B. Allow the EC2 IAM role the permission to access the PII table.
E. Include the GetSessionToken API operation in the application code logic to obtain temporary credentials to access the PII table.

160

A gaming website gives users the ability to trade game items with each other on the platform. The platform requires both users' records to be updated and persisted in one transaction. If any update fails, the transaction must roll back.

Which AWS solutions can provide the transactional capability that is required for this feature? (Choose two.)

E. Amazon Athena with operations made within a transaction block
B. Amazon ElastiCache for Memcached with operations made within a transaction block
D. Amazon Aurora MySQL with operations made within a transaction block
C. Amazon DynamoDB with reads and writes made by using Transact* operations
A. Amazon DynamoDB with operations made with the ConsistentRead parameter set to true

161

A developer is deploying an application in the AWS Cloud by using AWS CloudFormation. The application will connect to an existing Amazon RDS database. The hostname of the RDS database is stored in AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store as a plaintext value. The developer needs to incorporate the database hostname into the CloudFormation template to initialize the application when the stack is created.

How should the developer reference the parameter that contains the database hostname?

A. Use the ssm dynamic reference.
D. Use the ssm-secure dynamic reference.
B. Use the Ref intrinsic function.
C. Use the Fn::ImportValue intrinsic function.

162

A developer is building a new containerized application by using AWS Copilot. The developer uses the AWS Copilot command line interface (CLI) to deploy the application during development. The developer committed the application code to a new AWS CodeCommit repository. The developer must create an automated deployment process before releasing the new application to production.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way?

A. Create a buildspec file that invokes the AWS Copilot CLI commands to build and deploy the application. Use the AWS Copilot CLI to create an AWS CodePipeline that uses the CodeCommit repository in the source stage and AWS CodeBuild in the build stage.
C. Use the AWS Copilot CLI to define the AWS Copilot pipeline and to deploy the AWS CodePipeline. Select CodeCommit as the source for the AWS CodePipeline.
B. Use the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM) CLI to bootstrap and initialize an AWS CodePipeline configuration. Use the CodeCommit repository as the source. Invoke the AWS Copilot CLI to build and deploy the application.
D. Define an AWS CloudFormation template for an AWS CodePipeline with CodeCommit as the source. Configure the template as an AWS Copilot CLI add-on. Use the AWS Copilot CLI to deploy the application.

163

A developer is creating a new application for a pet store. The application will manage customer rewards points. The developer will use Amazon DynamoDB to store the data for the application. The developer needs to optimize query performance and limit partition overload before actual performance analysis.

Which option should the developer use for a partition key to meet these requirements?

C. The date when the customer signed up for the rewards program
D. The name of the customer's pet
A. A randomly generated universally unique identifier (UUID)
B. The customer's full name

164

A company has an internal website that contains sensitive data. The company wants to make the website public. The company must ensure that only employees who authenticate through the company's OpenID Connect (OIDC) identity provider (IdP) can access the website. A developer needs to implement authentication without editing the website.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Create a public Network Load Balancer.
C. Configure a listener for the load balancer that listens on HTTPS port 443. Add a default authenticate action providing the OIDC IdP configuration.
B. Create a public Application Load Balancer.
D. Configure a listener for the load balancer that listens on HTTP port 80. Add a default authenticate action providing the OIDC IdP configuration.
E. Configure a listener for the load balancer that listens on HTTPS port 443. Add a default AWS Lambda action providing an Amazon Resource Name (ARN) to a Lambda authentication function.

165

A developer is working on a web application that requires selective activation of specific features. The developer wants to keep the features hidden from end users until the features are ready for public access.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create a feature flag configuration profile in AWS AppSync. Store the feature flag values in the configuration profile. Activate and deactivate feature flags as needed.
C. Create a feature flag configuration profile in AWS AppConfig. Store the feature flag values in the configuration profile. Activate and deactivate feature flags as needed.
D. Store prerelease data in AWS Amplify DataStore. Toggle between hidden and visible states by using Amplify DataStore cloud synchronization.
B. Store prerelease data in an Amazon DynamoDB table. Enable Amazon DynamoDB Streams in the table. Toggle between hidden and visible states by using DynamoDB Streams.

166

A developer at a company writes an AWS CloudFormation template. The template refers to subnets that were created by a separate AWS CloudFormation template that the company's network team wrote. When the developer attempts to launch the stack for the first time, the launch fails.

Which template coding mistakes could have caused this failure? (Choose two.)

D. The network team's template does not export the subnets in the Outputs section.
C. The Mappings section of the developer's template does not refer to the subnets.
A. The developer's template does not use the Ref intrinsic function to refer to the subnets.
B. The developer's template does not use the ImportValue intrinsic function to refer to the subnets.
E. The network team's template does not export the subnets in the Mappings section.

167

A developer is writing a web application that is deployed on Amazon EC2 instances behind an internet-facing Application Load Balancer (ALB). The developer must add an Amazon CloudFront distribution in front of the ALB. The developer also must ensure that customer data from outside the VPC is encrypted in transit.

Which combination of CloudFront configuration settings should the developer use to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

E. Set the Viewer Protocol Policy setting to Redirect HTTP to HTTPS.
C. Enable field-level encryption.
A. Restrict viewer access by using signed URLs.
B. Set the Origin Protocol Policy setting to Match Viewer.
D. Enable automatic object compression.

168

A developer is implementing an AWS Lambda function that will be invoked when an object is uploaded to Amazon S3. The developer wants to test the Lambda function in a local development machine before publishing the function to a production AWS account.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Upload an object to Amazon S3 by using the aws s3api put-object CLI command. Wait for the local Lambda invocation from the S3 event.
C. Use the sam local start-lambda CLI command to start Lambda. Use the sam local generate-event s3 put CLI command to create the Lambda test JSON file. Use the sam local invoke CLI command with the JSON file as the argument to invoke the Lambda function.
B. Create a sample JSON text file for a put object S3 event. Invoke the Lambda function locally. Use the aws lambda invoke CLI command with the JSON file and Lambda function name as arguments.
D. Create a JSON string for the put object S3 event. In the AWS Management Console, use the JSON string to create a test event for the local Lambda function. Perform the test.

169

A developer is publishing critical log data to a log group in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. The log group was created 2 months ago. The developer must encrypt the log data by using an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key so that future data can be encrypted to comply with the company's security policy.

Which solution will meet this requirement with the LEAST effort?

D. Use the AWS CLI aws logs associate-kms-key command, and specify the key Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
C. Use the AWS CLI aws logs create-log-group command, and specify the key Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
B. Use the AWS KMS console to associate the KMS key with the log group.
A. Use the AWS Encryption SDK for encryption and decryption of the data before writing to the log group.

170

A developer is working on an app for a company that uses an Amazon DynamoDB table named Orders to store customer orders. The table uses OrderID as the partition key and there is no sort key. The table contains more than 100,000 records. The developer needs to add a functionality that will retrieve all Orders records that contain an OrderSource attribute with the MobileApp value.

Which solution will improve the user experience in the MOST efficient way?

B. Create a local secondary index (LSI) with OrderSource as the partition key. Perform a Query operation by using MobileApp as the key.
D. Create a global secondary index (GSI) with OrderSource as the partition key. Perform a Query operation by using MobileApp as the key.
A. Perform a Scan operation on the Orders table. Provide a QueryFilter condition to filter to only the items where the OrderSource attribute is equal to the MobileApp value.
C. Create a global secondary index (GSI) with OrderSource as the sort key. Perform a Query operation by using MobileApp as the key.

171

A developer is building an ecommerce application. When there is a sale event, the application needs to concurrently call three third-party systems to record the sale. The developer wrote three AWS Lambda functions. There is one Lambda function for each third-party system, which contains complex integration logic.

These Lambda functions are all independent. The developer needs to design the application so each Lambda function will run regardless of others' success or failure.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Publish the sale event from the application to an Application Load Balancer (ALB). Add the three Lambda functions as ALB targets.
B. Publish the sale event from the application to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Subscribe the three Lambda functions to be triggered by the SNS topic.
D. Publish the sale event from the application to an AWS Step Functions state machine. Move the logic from the three Lambda functions into the Step Functions state machine.
A. Publish the sale event from the application to an Amazon Simple Queue Service (Amazon SQS) queue. Configure the three Lambda functions to poll the queue.

172

A developer is creating a web application for a school that stores data in Amazon DynamoDB. The ExamScores table has the following attributes: student_id, subject_name, and top_score.

Each item in the ExamScores table is identified with student_id as the partition key and subject_name as the sort key. The web application needs to display the student _id for the top scores for each school subject. The developer needs to increase the speed of the queries to retrieve the student_id for the top scorer for each school subject.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

C. Create a global secondary index (GSI) with subject_name as the partition key and top_score as the sort key.
B. Create a local secondary index (LSI) with top_score as the partition key and student_id as the sort key.
D. Create a global secondary index (GSI) with subject_name as the partition key and student_id as the sort key.
A. Create a local secondary index (LSI) with subject_name as the partition key and top_score as the sort key.

173

A developer is designing a fault-tolerant environment where client sessions will be saved.

How can the developer ensure that no sessions are lost if an Amazon EC2 instance fails?

C. Use Amazon DynamoDB to perform scalable session handling.
A. Use sticky sessions with an Elastic Load Balancer target group.
B. Use Amazon SQS to save session data.
D. Use Elastic Load Balancer connection draining to stop sending requests to failing instances.

174

A developer is creating AWS CloudFormation templates to manage an application's deployment in Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) through AWS CodeDeploy. The developer wants to automatically deploy new versions of the application to a percentage of users before the new version becomes available for all users.

How should the developer manage the deployment of the new version?

D. Create a nested stack for the new version. Include a Transform section and the AWS::CodeDeploy::BlueGreen hook.
B. Deploy the new version in a new CloudFormation stack. After testing is complete, update the application's DNS records for the new stack.
C. Run CloudFormation stack updates on the application stack to deploy new application versions when they are available.
A. Modify the CloudFormation template to include a Transform section and the AWS::CodeDeploy::BlueGreen hook.

175

A developer has written a distributed application that uses microservices. The microservices are running on Amazon EC2 instances. Because of message volume, the developer is unable to match log output from each microservice to a specific transaction. The developer needs to analyze the message flow to debug the application.

Which combination of steps should the developer take to meet this requirement? (Choose two.)

D. Add the AWS X-Ray software development kit (SDK) to the microservices. Use X-Ray to trace requests that each microservice makes.
A. Download the AWS X-Ray daemon. Install the daemon on an EC2 instance. Ensure that the EC2 instance allows UDP traffic on port 2000.
E. Set up Amazon CloudWatch metric streams to collect streaming data from the microservices.
C. Enable AWS X-Ray. Configure Amazon CloudWatch to push logs to X-Ray.
B. Configure an interface VPC endpoint to allow traffic to reach the global AWS X-Ray daemon on TCP port 2000.

176

A company hosts its application in the us-west-1 Region. The company wants to add redundancy in the us-east-1 Region.

The application secrets are stored in AWS Secrets Manager in us-west-1. A developer needs to replicate the secrets to us-east-1.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Configure secret replication for each secret. Add us-east-1 as a replication Region. Choose an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key in us-east-1 to encrypt the replicated secrets.
D. Create a Secrets Manager lifecycle rule to replicate each secret to a new Amazon S3 bucket in us-west-1. Configure an S3 replication rule to replicate the secrets to us-east-1.
C. Create a replication rule for each secret. Set us-east-1 as the destination Region. Configure the rule to run during secret rotation. Choose an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key in us-east-1 to encrypt the replicated secrets.
B. Create a new secret in us-east-1 for each secret. Configure secret replication in us-east-1. Set the source to be the corresponding secret in us-west-1. Choose an AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) key in us-west-1 to encrypt the replicated secrets.

177

A company has a serverless application that uses Amazon API Gateway backed by AWS Lambda proxy integration. The company is developing several backend APIs. The company needs a landing page to provide an overview of navigation to the APIs.

A developer creates a new/LandingPage resource and a new GET method that uses mock integration.

What should the developer do next to meet these requirements?

A. Configure the integration request mapping template with Content-Type of text/html and statusCode of 200. Configure the integration response mapping template with Content-Type of application/json. In the integration response mapping template, include the LandingPage HTML code that references the APIs.
B. Configure the integration request mapping template with Content-Type of application/json. In the integration request mapping template, include the LandingPage HMTL code that references the APIs. Configure the integration response mapping template with Content-Type of text/html and statusCode of 200.
C. Configure the integration request mapping template with Content-Type of application/json and statusCode of 200. Configure the integration response mapping template with Content-Type of text/html. In the integration response mapping template, include the LandingPage HTML code that references the APIs.
D. Configure the integration request mapping template with Content-Type of text/html. In the integration request mapping template, include the LandingPage HTML code that references the APIs. Configure the integration response mapping template with Content-Type of application/json and statusCode of 200.

178

A company is developing an application that will be accessed through the Amazon API Gateway REST API. Registered users should be the only ones who can access certain resources of this API. The token being used should expire automatically and needs to be refreshed periodically.

How can a developer meet these requirements?

C. Create an Amazon Cognito user pool, configure the Cognito Authorizer in API Gateway, and use the identity or access token.
B. Create and maintain a database record for each user with a corresponding token and use an AWS Lambda authorizer in API Gateway.
D. Create an IAM user for each API user, attach an invoke permissions policy to the API, and use an IAM authorizer in API Gateway.
A. Create an Amazon Cognito identity pool, configure the Amazon Cognito Authorizer in API Gateway, and use the temporary credentials generated by the identity pool.

179

A company launched an online portal to announce a new product that the company will release in 6 months. The portal requests that users enter an email address to receive communications about the product. The company needs to create a REST API that will store the email addresses in Amazon DynamoDB.

A developer has created an AWS Lambda function that can store the email addresses. The developer will deploy the Lambda function by using the AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM). The developer must provide access to the Lambda function over HTTP.

Which solutions will meet these requirements with the LEAST additional configuration? (Choose two.)

B. Expose the Lambda function by using a Gateway Load Balancer.
E. Expose the Lambda function by using Amazon API Gateway.
C. Expose the Lambda function by using a Network Load Balancer.
A. Expose the Lambda function by using function URLs.
D. Expose the Lambda function by using AWS Global Accelerator.

180

A company has a website that displays a daily newsletter. When a user visits the website, an AWS Lambda function processes the browser's request and queries the company's on-premises database to obtain the current newsletter. The newsletters are stored in English. The Lambda function uses the Amazon Translate TranslateText API operation to translate the newsletters, and the translation is displayed to the user.

Due to an increase in popularity, the website's response time has slowed. The database is overloaded. The company cannot change the database and needs a solution that improves the response time of the Lambda function.

Which solution meets these requirements?

C. Enable TranslateText API caching.
B. Cache the translated newsletters in the Lambda/tmp directory.
A. Change to asynchronous Lambda function invocation.
D. Change the Lambda function to use parallel processing.

181

A company has a web application that contains an Amazon API Gateway REST API. A developer has created an AWS CloudFormation template for the initial deployment of the application. The developer has deployed the application successfully as part of an AWS CodePipeline continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) process. All resources and methods are available through the deployed stage endpoint.

The CloudFormation template contains the following resource types:

• AWS::ApiGateway::RestApi
• AWS::ApiGateway::Resource
• AWS::ApiGateway::Method
• AWS::ApiGateway::Stage
• AWS::ApiGateway::Deployment

The developer adds a new resource to the REST API with additional methods and redeploys the template. CloudFormation reports that the deployment is successful and that the stack is in the UPDATE_COMPLETE state. However, calls to all new methods are returning 404 (Not Found) errors.

What should the developer do to make the new methods available?

B. Unset the CloudFormation stack failure options.
D. Add an action to CodePipeline to run the aws cloudfront create-invalidation AWS CLI command.
C. Add an AWS CodeBuild stage to CodePipeline to run the aws apigateway create-deployment AWS CLI command.
A. Specify the disable-rollback option during the update-stack operation.

182

A developer wants the ability to roll back to a previous version of an AWS Lambda function in the event of errors caused by a new deployment.

How can the developer achieve this with MINIMAL impact on users?

A. Change the application to use an alias that points to the current version. Deploy the new version of the code. Update the alias to use the newly deployed version. If too many errors are encountered, point the alias back to the previous version.
D. Create three aliases: new, existing, and router. Point the existing alias to the current version. Have the router alias direct 100% of users to the existing alias. Update the application to use the router alias. Deploy the new version of the code. Point the new alias to this version. Update the router alias to direct 10% of users to the new alias. If too many errors are encountered, send 100% of traffic to the existing alias.
C. Do not make any changes to the application. Deploy the new version of the code. If too many errors are encountered, point the application back to the previous version using the version number in the Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
B. Change the application to use an alias that points to the current version. Deploy the new version of the code. Update the alias to direct 10% of users to the newly deployed version. If too many errors are encountered, send 100% of traffic to the previous version.

183

A company maintains a REST service using Amazon API Gateway and the API Gateway native API key validation. The company recently launched a new registration page, which allows users to sign up for the service. The registration page creates a new API key using CreateApiKey and sends the new key to the user. When the user attempts to call the API using this key, the user receives a 403 Forbidden error. Existing users are unaffected and can still call the API.

What code updates will grant these new users access to the API?

D. The createUsagePlanKey method must be called to associate the newly created API key with the correct usage plan.
C. The importApiKeys method must be called to import all newly created API keys into the current stage of the API.
B. The updateAuthorizer method must be called to update the API's authorizer to include the newly created API key.
A. The createDeployment method must be called so the API can be redeployed to include the newly created API key.

184

A company uses an AWS CloudFormation template to deploy and manage its AWS infrastructure. The CloudFormation template creates Amazon VPC security groups and Amazon EC2 security groups.

A manager finds out that some engineers modified the security groups of a few EC2 instances for testing purposes. A developer needs to determine what modifications occurred.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

D. Use Amazon Detective to detect the modifications.
A. Add a Conditions section statement in the source YAML file of the template. Run the CloudFormation stack.
C. Execute a change set for the CloudFormation stack.
B. Perform a drift detection operation on the CloudFormation stack.

185

An IAM role is attached to an Amazon EC2 instance that explicitly denies access to all Amazon S3 API actions. The EC2 instance credentials file specifies the IAM access key and secret access key, which allow full administrative access.

Given that multiple modes of IAM access are present for this EC2 instance, which of the following is correct?

A. The EC2 instance will only be able to list the S3 buckets.
B. The EC2 instance will only be able to list the contents of one S3 bucket at a time.
D. The EC2 instance will not be able to perform any S3 action on any S3 bucket.
C. The EC2 instance will be able to perform all actions on any S3 bucket.

186

A company has an application that receives batches of orders from partners every day. The application uses an AWS Lambda function to process the batches.

If a batch contains no orders, the Lambda function must publish to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic as soon as possible.

Which combination of steps will meet this requirement with the LEAST implementation effort? (Choose two.)

A. Update the existing Lambda function's code to send an Amazon CloudWatch custom metric for the number of orders in a batch for each partner.
C. Set up an Amazon CloudWatch alarm that will send a notification to the SNS topic when the value of the custom metric is 0.
B. Create a new Lambda function as an Amazon Kinesis data stream consumer. Configure the new Lambda function to track orders and to publish to the SNS topic when a batch contains no orders.
E. Modify the existing Lambda function to log orders to an Amazon Kinesis data stream.
D. Schedule a new Lambda function to analyze Amazon CloudWatch metrics every 24 hours to identify batches that contain no orders. Configure the Lambda function to publish to the SNS topic.

187

A developer has an application that uses an Amazon DynamoDB table with a configured local secondary index (LSI). During application testing, the DynamoDB table metrics report a ProvisionedThroughputExceededException error message. The number of requests made by the test suite did not exceed the table's provisioned capacity limits.

What is the cause of this issue?

B. The LSI's capacity is different from the table's capacity.
D. The application has the IAM permission to query the DynamoDB table but not to query the LSI.
A. The data in the table's partition key column is not evenly distributed.
C. The application is not implementing exponential backoff retry logic while interacting with the DynamoDB API.

188

A developer manages a website that distributes its content by using Amazon CloudFront. The website's static artifacts are stored in an Amazon S3 bucket.

The developer deploys some changes and can see the new artifacts in the S3 bucket. However, the changes do not appear on the webpage that the CloudFront distribution delivers.

How should the developer resolve this issue?

A. Configure S3 Object Lock to update to the latest version of the files every time an S3 object is updated.
B. Configure the S3 bucket to clear all old objects from the bucket before new artifacts are uploaded.
D. Set CloudFront to modify the distribution origin after the artifacts have been deployed to Amazon S3.
C. Set CloudFront to invalidate the cache after the artifacts have been deployed to Amazon S3.

189

A company has a development team that uses AWS CodeCommit for version control. The development team has CodeCommit repositories in multiple AWS accounts. The team is expanding to include developers who work in various locations.

The company must ensure that the developers have secure access to the repositories.

Which solution will meet these requirements in the MOST operationally efficient way?

C. Share AWS access keys with the development team for direct repository access.
A. Configure IAM roles for each developer and grant access individually.
D. Use public SSH keys for authentication to the CodeCommit repositories.
B. Configure permission sets in AWS IAM Identity Center to grant access to the accounts.

190

A developer received the following error message during an AWS CloudFormation deployment:

DELETE_FAILED (The following resource(s) failed to delete: [ASGInstanceRole12345678].)

Which action should the developer take to resolve this error?

A. Contact AWS Support to report an issue with the Auto Scaling Groups (ASG) service.
B. Add a DependsOn attribute to the ASGInstanceRole12345678 resource in the CloudFormation template. Then delete the stack.
D. Add a force parameter when calling CloudFormation with the role-arn of ASGInstanceRole12345678.
C. Modify the CloudFormation template to retain the ASGInstanceRole12345678 resource. Then manually delete the resource after deployment.

191

A company runs a critical application on Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS) by using Amazon EC2 instances. The company needs to migrate the application to Amazon ECS on AWS Fargate. A developer is configuring Fargate and the ECS capacity providers to make the change.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST downtime during migration>

A. Use the PutClusterCapacityProviders API operation to associate the ECS cluster with the FARGATE and FARGATE_SPOT capacity provider strategies. Use FARGATE as Provider 1 with a base value. Use FARGATE_SPOT as Provider 2 for failover.
B. Use the CreateCapacityProvider API operation to associate the ECS cluster with the FARGATE and FARGATE_SPOT capacity provider strategies. Use FARGATE as Provider 1 with a base value. Use FARGATE_SPOT as Provider 2 for failover.
C. Use the PutClusterCapacityProviders API operation to associate the ECS cluster with the FARGATE and FARGATE_SPOT capacity provider strategies. Use FARGATE_SPOT as Provider 1 with a base value. Use FARGATE as Provider 2 for failover.
D. Use the CreateCapacityProvider API operation to associate the ECS cluster with the FARGATE and FARGATE_SPOT capacity provider strategies. Use FARGATE_SPOT as Provider 1 with a base value. Use FARGATE as Provider 2 for failover.

192

A company has a web application that is hosted on AWS. The application is behind an Amazon CloudFront distribution. A developer needs a dashboard to monitor error rates and anomalies of the CloudFront distribution as frequently as possible.

Which combination of steps should the developer take to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

C. Set up Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to send the logs to Amazon OpenSearch Service by using an AWS Lambda function. Make a dashboard in OpenSearch Dashboards.
A. Stream the CloudFront distribution logs to an Amazon S3 bucket. Detect anomalies and error rates by using Amazon Athena.
B. Enable real-time logs on the CloudFront distribution. Create a data stream in Amazon Kinesis Data Streams.
D. Stream the CloudFront distribution logs to Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose.
E. Set up Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to send the logs to AWS CloudTrail. Create CloudTrail metrics, alarms, and dashboards.

193

A developer creates an Amazon DynamoDB table. The table has OrderID as the partition key and NumberOfItemsPurchased as the sort key. The data type of the partition key and the sort key is Number.

When the developer queries the table, the results are sorted by NumberOfItemsPurchased in ascending order. The developer needs the query results to be sorted by NumberOfItemsPurchased in descending order.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

C. In the Query operation, set the ScanIndexForward parameter to false.
D. In the Query operation, set the KeyConditionExpression parameter to false.
B. Change the sort key from NumberOfItemsPurchased to NumberOfItemsPurchasedDescending.
A. Create a local secondary index (LSI) on the NumberOfItemsPurchased sort key.

194

A developer needs to use a code template to create an automated deployment of an application onto Amazon EC2 instances. The template must be configured to repeat deployment, installation, and updates of resources for the application. The template must be able to create identical environments and roll back to previous versions.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

D. Use AWS AppSync to deploy the application. Upload the template as a GraphQL schema. Specify the EC2 instances for deployment of the application. Use resolvers as a version control mechanism and to make any updates to the deployments.
B. Use AWS CodeBuild for automatic deployment. Upload the required AppSpec file template. Save the appspec.yml file in the root directory folder of the revision. Specify the deployment group that includes the EC2 instances for the deployment.
A. Use AWS Amplify for automatic deployment templates. Use a traffic-splitting deployment to copy any deployments. Modify any resources created by Amplify, if necessary.
C. Use AWS CloudFormation to create an infrastructure template in JSON format to deploy the EC2 instances. Use CloudFormation helper scripts to install the necessary software and to start the application. Call the scripts directly from the template.

195

A developer has a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline that uses AWS CodeArtifact and AWS CodeBuild. The build artifacts are between 0.5 GB and 1.5 GB in size. The builds happen frequently and retrieve many dependencies from CodeArtifact each time.

The builds have been slow because of the time it takes to transfer dependencies. The developer needs to improve build performance by reducing the number of dependencies that are retrieved for each build.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

D. Retrieve the buildspec.yaml file directly from CodeArtifact. Add the CodeArtifact repository name to the buildspec.yaml file for the build project.
C. Specify a local cache in CodeBuild. Add the cache folder path to the buildspec.yaml file for the build project.
A. Specify an Amazon S3 cache in CodeBuild. Add the S3 cache folder path to the buildspec.yaml file for the build project.
B. Specify a local cache in CodeBuild. Add the CodeArtifact repository name to the buildspec.yaml file for the build project.

196

A company that has large online business uses an Amazon DynamoDB table to store sales data. The company enabled Amazon DynamoDB Streams on the table. The transaction status of each sale is stored in a TransactionStatus attribute in the table. The value of the TransactionStatus attribute must be either failed, pending, or completed.

The company wants to be notified of failed sales where the Price attribute is above a specific threshold. A developer needs to set up notification for the failed sales.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?

A. Create an event source mapping between DynamoDB Streams and an AWS Lambda function. Use Lambda event filtering to trigger the Lambda function only if sales fail when the price is above the specified threshold. Configure the Lambda function to publish the data to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic.
C. Create an event source mapping between DynamoDB Streams and an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic. Use event filtering to publish to the SNS topic if sales fail when the price is above the specified threshold.
D. Create an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to monitor the DynamoDB Streams sales data. Configure the alarm to publish to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic if sales fail due when price is above the specified threshold.
B. Create an event source mapping between DynamoDB Streams and an AWS Lambda function. Configure the Lambda function handler code to publish to an Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topic if sales fail when price is above the specified threshold.

197

A company has an application that uses an Amazon S3 bucket for object storage. A developer needs to configure in-transit encryption for the S3 bucket. All the S3 objects containing personal data needs to be encrypted at rest with AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) keys, which can be rotated on demand.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

E. Configure S3 Block Public Access settings for the S3 bucket to allow only encrypted connections over HTTPS.
D. Write an S3 bucket policy to allow only encrypted connections over HTTPS by using the aws:SecureTransport condition.
A. Write an S3 bucket policy to allow only encrypted connections over HTTPS by using permissions boundary.
C. Configure the application to encrypt the objects by using an AWS KMS customer managed key before uploading the objects containing personal data to Amazon S3.
B. Configure an S3 bucket policy to enable client-side encryption for the objects containing personal data by using an AWS KMS customer managed key.

198

A company uses AWS CloudFormation templates to manage infrastructure for a public-facing application in its development, pre-production, and production environments. The company needs to scale for increasing customer demand. A developer must upgrade the Amazon RDS DB instance type to a larger instance.

The developer deploys an update to the CloudFormation stack with the instance size change in the pre-production environment. The developer notices that the stack is in an UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED slate in CloudFormation.

Which option is the cause of this issue?

B. The database was deleted or modified manually outside of the CloudFormation stack
D. The developer has insufficient IAM permissions to provision an instance of the specified type
C. There is a syntax error in the CloudFormation template
A. The new instance type specified in the CloudFormation template is invalid

199

A developer needs to store files in an Amazon S3 bucket for a company's application. Each S3 object can have multiple versions. The objects must be permanently removed 1 year after object creation.

The developer creates an S3 bucket that has versioning enabled.

What should the developer do next to meet the data retention requirements?

C. Create an event notification for all object removal events in the S3 bucket. Configure the event notification to invoke an AWS Lambda function. Program the Lambda function to check the object creation date and to delete the object if the object is older than 1 year.
A. Create an S3 Lifecycle rule on the S3 bucket. Configure the rule to expire current versions of objects and permanently delete noncurrent versions 1 year after object creation.
D. Create an S3 Lifecycle rule on the S3 bucket. Configure the rule to delete expired object delete markers and permanently delete noncurrent versions 1 year after object creation.
B. Create an event notification for all object creation events in the S3 bucket. Configure the event notification to invoke an AWS Lambda function. Program the Lambda function to check the object creation date and to delete the object if the object is older than 1 year.

200

A developer uses an AWS Lambda function in an application to edit users' uploaded photos. The developer needs to update the Lambda function code and needs to test the updates.

For testing, the developer must divide the user traffic between the original version of the Lambda function and the new version of the Lambda function.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Publish a version of the original Lambda function. Make the necessary changes to the Lambda code. Publish a new version of the Lambda function.
D. Create an alias that points to the original version of the Lambda function. Configure the alias to be a weighted alias that also includes the new version of the Lambda function. Divide traffic between the two versions.
C. Update the original version of the Lambda function to add a function URL. Make the necessary changes to the Lambda code. Publish another function URL for the updated Lambda code.
E. Create an alias that points to the original function URL. Configure the alias to be a weighted alias that also includes the additional function URL. Divide traffic between the two function URLs.
B. Use AWS CodeBuild to detect updates to the Lambda function. Configure CodeBuild to incrementally shift traffic from the original version of the Lambda function to the new version of the Lambda function.

201

A developer has an application that uses WebSocket APIs in Amazon API Gateway. The developer wants to use an API Gateway Lambda authorizer to control access to the application.

The developer needs to add credential caching and reduce repeated usage of secret keys and authorization tokens on every request.

Which combination of steps should the developer take to meet these requirements? (Choose two.)

A. Use a token-based Lambda authorizer.
C. Configure an integration request mapping template to reference the context map from the APIGateway Lambda authorizer.
E. Use VPC endpoint policies for the WebSocket APIs.
D. Configure an integration request mapping template to reference the identity API key value from the API Gateway Lambda authorizer.
B. Use a request parameter-based Lambda authorizer.

202

A developer builds a serverless application on AWS by using Amazon API Gateway, AWS Lambda functions, and Amazon Route 53. During testing, the developer notices errors but cannot immediately locate the root cause.

To identify the errors, the developer needs to search all the application's logs.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Set up API Gateway health checks to monitor the application's availability. Use the Amazon CloudWatch PutMetricData API operation to publish the logs to CloudWatch. Search and query the logs by using Amazon Athena.
B. Set up Route 53 health checks to monitor the application's availability. Turn on AWS CloudTrail logs for all the AWS services that the application uses. Send the logs to a specified Amazon S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to query the log files directly from Amazon S3.
C. Configure all the application's AWS services to publish a real-time feed of log events to an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream. Configure the delivery stream to publish all the logs to an Amazon S3 bucket. Use Amazon OpenSearch Service to search and analyze the logs.
D. Set up Route 53 health checks to monitor the application's availability. Turn on Amazon CloudWatch Logs for the API Gateway stages to log API requests with a JSON log format. Use CloudWatch Logs Insights to search and analyze the logs from the AWS services that the application uses.

203

A developer is setting up AWS CodePipeline for a new application. During each build, the developer must generate a test report.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

C. Run the builds on an Amazon EC2 instance that has AWS Systems Manager Agent (SSM Agent) installed and activated.
B. Create an AWS CodeDeploy deployment that runs tests. Configure the AppSpec file with the test report information.
A. Create an AWS CodeBuild build project that runs tests. Configure the buildspec file with the test report information.
D. Create a repository in AWS CodeArtifact. Select the test report template.

204

A developer built an application by using multiple AWS Lambda functions. The Lambda functions must access dynamic configuration data at runtime. The data is maintained as a 6 KB JSON document in AWS AppConfig. The configuration data needs to be updated without requiring the redeployment of the application.

The developer needs a solution that will give the Lambda functions access to the dynamic configuration data.

What should the developer do to meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort?

A. Migrate the document from AWS AppConfig to a Lambda environment variable. Read the document at the runtime.
B. Configure the AWS AppConfig Agent Lambda extension. Access the dynamic configuration data by calling the extension on a local host.
C. Use the AWS X-Ray SDK to call the AWS AppConfig APIs. Retrieve the configuration file at runtime.
D. Migrate the configuration file to a Lambda deployment package. Read the file from the file system at runtime.

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