Parasitology: Malaria
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1
What parasite causes tertian malaria?
Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale
2
How is tertian malaria transmitted?
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
3
What are the clinical symptoms of tertian malaria?
Periodic fever (48-hour cycle), chills, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly
4
What are the complications of tertian malaria?
Severe anemia, splenic rupture, and relapse due to hypnozoites
5
How is tertian malaria diagnosed?
Blood smear for Plasmodium
6
What is the treatment for tertian malaria?
Chloroquine and primaquine for relapse prevention
7
What parasite causes quartan malaria?
Plasmodium malariae
8
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium malariae?
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, sporozoites enter bloodstream, infect liver cells, and release merozoites that infect red blood cells in a 72-hour cycle
9
What are the clinical symptoms of quartan malaria?
Periodic fever every 72 hours, chills, and anemia
10
What is a complication of quartan malaria?
Nephrotic syndrome
11
How is quartan malaria diagnosed?
Blood smear for Plasmodium
12
What is the treatment for quartan malaria?
Chloroquine
13
What parasite causes visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type)?
Leishmania donovani
14
How is visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type) transmitted?
Transmitted by sandfly bites
15
What are the clinical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type)?
Fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia
16
What are the complications of visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type)?
Secondary infections
17
How is visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type) diagnosed?
Bone marrow aspirate, serology
18
What is the treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (Mediterranean type)?
Amphotericin B, miltefosine
19
What parasites cause naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis?
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp.
20
How do naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis infect humans?
Free-living in water and soil; enter through the nose or broken skin
21
What are the clinical symptoms of naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis?
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) or granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
22
What are the complications of naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis?
Severe neurological damage, often fatal
23
How are naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis diagnosed?
CSF analysis, brain biopsy
24
What is the treatment for naegleriasis and acanthamoebiasis?
Amphotericin B, miltefosine
25
What parasite causes trichomoniasis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
26
How is trichomoniasis transmitted?
Sexually transmitted
27
What are the clinical symptoms of trichomoniasis?
Vaginal discharge, itching, dysuria
28
What is a complication of trichomoniasis?
Increased risk of HIV infection
29
How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?
Wet mount microscopy, PCR
30
What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?
Metronidazole
31
What parasite causes giardiasis?
Giardia lamblia
32
How is giardiasis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, cysts contaminate water/food
33
What are the clinical symptoms of giardiasis?
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, malabsorption
34
What is a complication of giardiasis?
Chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals
35
How is giardiasis diagnosed?
Stool antigen test
36
What is the treatment for giardiasis?
Metronidazole, tinidazole
37
What parasite causes cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium spp.
38
How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, oocysts contaminate water
39
What are the clinical symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?
Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps
40
What is a complication of cryptosporidiosis?
Severe disease in immunocompromised individuals
41
How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed?
Stool microscopy, antigen test
42
What is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis?
Nitazoxanide
43
What parasite causes toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
44
How is toxoplasmosis transmitted?
Transmission through cat feces, undercooked meat
45
What are the clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis?
Flu-like symptoms, encephalitis in immunocompromised individuals
46
What are the complications of toxoplasmosis?
Congenital infection, eye disease
47
How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed?
Serology, PCR
48
What is the treatment for toxoplasmosis?
Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
49
What parasite causes pneumocystosis?
Pneumocystis jirovecii
50
How is pneumocystosis transmitted?
Airborne transmission, colonizes lungs
51
What are the clinical symptoms of pneumocystosis?
Pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised individuals
52
What is a complication of pneumocystosis?
Respiratory failure
53
How is pneumocystosis diagnosed?
Bronchoalveolar lavage, PCR
54
What is the treatment for pneumocystosis?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
55
What parasite causes balantidiasis?
Balantidium coli
56
How is balantidiasis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, infects the large intestine
57
What are the clinical symptoms of balantidiasis?
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysentery
58
What is a complication of balantidiasis?
Perforation of the colon
59
How is balantidiasis diagnosed?
Stool microscopy
60
What is the treatment for balantidiasis?
Tetracycline, metronidazole
61
What parasite causes enterobiasis?
Enterobius vermicularis
62
How is enterobiasis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, eggs ingested, hatch in intestines
63
What are the clinical symptoms of enterobiasis?
Perianal itching, especially at night
64
What is a complication of enterobiasis?
Secondary bacterial infection from scratching
65
How is enterobiasis diagnosed?
Scotch tape test
66
What is the treatment for enterobiasis?
Mebendazole, albendazole
67
What parasite causes ascariasis?
Ascaris lumbricoides
68
How is ascariasis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, eggs hatch in intestines, larvae migrate to lungs
69
What are the clinical symptoms of ascariasis?
Abdominal pain, malnutrition
70
What is a complication of ascariasis?
Intestinal obstruction
71
How is ascariasis diagnosed?
Stool microscopy
72
What is the treatment for ascariasis?
Albendazole, mebendazole
73
What parasite causes trichuriasis?
Trichuris trichiura
74
How is trichuriasis transmitted?
Fecal-oral transmission, eggs hatch in intestines
75
What are the clinical symptoms of trichuriasis?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea
76
What are the complications of trichuriasis?
Rectal prolapse, anemia
77
How is trichuriasis diagnosed?
Stool microscopy
78
What is the treatment for trichuriasis?
Albendazole, mebendazole
79
What parasite causes trichinellosis?
Trichinella spiralis
80
How is trichinellosis transmitted?
Ingestion of undercooked meat with larvae
81
What are the clinical symptoms of trichinellosis?
Muscle pain, fever, swelling around eyes
82
What are the complications of trichinellosis?
Myocarditis, encephalitis
83
How is trichinellosis diagnosed?
Serology, muscle biopsy
84
What is the treatment for trichinellosis?
Albendazole, corticosteroids
85
What parasite causes toxocariasis?
Toxocara canis/cati
86
How is toxocariasis transmitted?
Ingestion of eggs from soil contaminated by dog/cat feces
87
What are the clinical symptoms of toxocariasis?
Fever, hepatomegaly, eosinophilia
88
What is a complication of toxocariasis?
Ocular toxocariasis
89
How is toxocariasis diagnosed?
Serology
90
What is the treatment for toxocariasis?
Albendazole, corticosteroids
91
What parasite causes taeniasis and cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
92
How is taeniasis transmitted?
Ingestion of undercooked pork with cysticerci
93
What are the clinical symptoms of taeniasis?
Mild abdominal discomfort, tapeworm segments in stool
94
How is cysticercosis transmitted?
Ingestion of eggs from contaminated food/water
95
What are the clinical symptoms of cysticercosis?
Seizures, muscle pain
96
What is a complication of cysticercosis?
Neurocysticercosis
97
How is taeniasis diagnosed?
Stool microscopy
98
How is cysticercosis diagnosed?
Imaging (CT/MRI), serology
99
What is the treatment for taeniasis?
Praziquantel
100
What is the treatment for cysticercosis?
Albendazole, corticosteroids
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