Biology 122 Quiz #2

Study of the distribution of life throughout the world, throughout geologic time

Organisms evolve in one locale and then spread to other locations of regions

Pangea implies that the continents were once a single land mass that allowed organisms to roam freely

Related species share a unity of plan. We share similar anatomy across species. Anatomy pattern is there but modified across species.

Anotomically similar but functionally can differ

Functionally similar but anatomically differ

Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures

Organisms evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures

Fully developed & functional in one group but reduced & functionless in another

Convergent Evolution

Vestigial Structures

Strongest evidence that life evolved from a common ancestor

Comparative Biochemistry

1. All life uses the same biochemical molecules. The bio chemical molecules are DNA for genetic information, ATP for energy, and Enzymes for facillitating reactions. 2. Life uses the same DNA triplet code & 20 amino acids.

If the base sequence differences in DNA are less between one organism and another they are more closely related. If there are more differences in base sequence pattern then they are less related.

1.4%

An ape has no tail and a monkey has a tail

Comparative development is the study of how species develop in similar ways as embryos suggesting that development is consistent with a common descent.

All members of the same species occupying a particular area at the same time

1. Reproduce with that same species
2. Fertile offspring

In a sexually reproductive population a gene pool represents all the various alleles of the gene loci in all the members

As long as certain conditions are met, allele frequencies in a sexually reprodcuing population come to an equilibrium that is maintained generation after generation

1. No mutations in the DNA
2. Random mating
3. No Gene Flow
4. No Genetic Drift
5. No Natural Selection

It is a prediction that sexual reproduction alone CANNOT alter allele frequency in populations.

The Hardy-Weinberg law is a binomial expression: p^2+2pq+q^2=1 & p+q=1

Percentage of homozygous dominant individuals in population

Percent of heterozygous individuals

Percent of homozygous recessive

dominant allele frequency

recessive allele frequency

Small changes in the gene pool over a short period of time

1. Mutation
2. Non random mating
3. Gene Flow
4. Genetic Drift
5. Natural Selection

Movement of alleles of genes between populations

Changes in allele frequences due to CHANCE alone

A diverse large population leaves and moves to a new location with a small population

Environmental upheavel reduces a populations size resulting in low genetic diversity

Process by which random evolutionary changes are selected for by nature in a consistent, orderly, non-random way

1. Variation first!
2. Inheritance
3. Differential Adaptedness
4. Differential Reproduction

Some adaptations might be beneficial to some

Those differences we have that help us survive will pass on to our offspring

A gene pool

1. Paleontology - Fossils
2. Biogeography - Geography and Evolutionary Relationships
3. Comparative Anatomy - Comparing the anatomy pattern among species
4. Comparative Development - Comparing the development of an embryo in the womb across species
5. Comparative Biochemistry - Species share similar biochemicals and DNA patterns

Pharyngeal Pouches also known as gill slits
Humans have a tail as an embryo

Pacific plate

Basilosaurus is an extinct whale who's anatomy showed leg bones linking it to its land ancestor

Comparison of nucleotide sequence

1. Founder Effect
2. Bottleneck Effect

Raw Material

random, selected, nature, consistent, orderly, non-random