Stalin

over 26,000

socialism in one country

1903

main speech

Stalin and Trotsky

promote own supporters, gather info about opponents

wonderful georgian

no leading role

called for his removal, criticized abuse of power, Stalin was rude to his wife

long revolutionary history, war hero, planned October revolution

younger more radical party members

Trotsky

Trotsky

1917

Jewish wealthy family

attacks of an unknown fever that required long periods of recovery

Intelligent, great speaker, arrogant

shoemaker, alcoholic, often violent

1923

spent 12 years abroad after escaping Russia after an unsuccessful uprising in 1905

didn't attend

working class, bolshevik 1903, head of Moscow Communist Party, Close friends with Lenin

Kamenev and Zinoviev, Trotsky accepted

opposed revolution, played little part in civil war, too cautious - prefered compromise to confrontation

described by Lenin as 'golden boy', involved in revolution, great thinker and writer, editor of Pravda

most important Bolshevik newspaper

inexperienced, disagreed with Lenin on marxism

head of comintern, head of Leningrad communist party

opposed revolution, son of prosperous farmer, unpopular - vain and untalented, stayed in luxurious hotels far from fighting in civil war

Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev

end NEP, rapid industrialisation, worldwide revolution

reversed many measures introduced in civil war - people could now own businesses and make money

Bukharin

keep NEP, slow industrialisation

all candidates against Trotsky

13th party congress

1925

Stalin and Bukharin alliance - accused other 3 of factionalism - expelled from party

1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev formed with Trotsky, put aside earlier differences

U turn to left wing - becoming more popular - made sure Bukharin lost key jobs and was outvoted

party recruited new members from the working class, supervised by Stalin as General Secretary

modern economy based on heavy industry, compete with west, self-sufficient to prepare for war, NEP failings

not recovered from civil war, high unemployment

29 million tonnes to 8.9

NEP meant capitalist economy, Marx thought communism could only exist in a highly advanced industrial nation

communist insult for people who had set up businesses under NEP and become successful

GB FR US and Japan intervened on White Army side in civil war, soviet diplomat assassinated in Poland

spreading revolutionary propaganda - searched Soviet trade mission in London and broke off diplomatic relations

we should strangle 'Bolshevism in its cradle'

divide opponents on right wing (Bukharin), being in charge of a far-reaching policy improved his authority

State Committee for Planning - in charge of creating 5 year plans

34 in 1924 to 500,000

command economy

state decides what, where and when something is produced

1928-32

expand heavy industry

economy grew by 14% each year, coal and iron output doubled

unrealistic targets, lack of skilled workers, many poor quality products

1933-37

heavy industry, chemical industry, transport

fertiliser, Moscow metro and Moscow canal

despite promises to raise living standards, consumer industries overlooked

1938-41

heavy industry, armaments production

1/3 government investment spent on defence by 1940, 9 new aircraft factories

cut short by Nazi invasion in 1941

mined 102 tonnes of coal in 6 hours, 14 x average

statues and posters built in honour, toured the country

new flat, wages, rations, holiday

25% within 1 year

publicity stunt

'recordmania' was time consuming for managers, hated and attacked by other workers, pushed wages down, 'stakhanovite' came to mean pushy/selfish

size of working class increased, cheap meals in factory canteens, modern armaments industry, no unemployment

more than doubled in 12 years

Dneiper dam

250,000

227 km waterway connecting White Sea to Baltic Sea

waste due to lack of transport, 7 day work week, lack of consumer goods, production figures lied about

40, 000

12,000

average workers stayed for just 82 days

big farms, modern machinery, fewer farmers needed - more factory workers, food sold abroad

NEP had encouraged peasants to behave like capitalists - owned property, could employ landless labourers

increase power for Bolsheviks in the countryside, gain upper hand over Bukharin by opposing NEP

peasants reduced production due to low prices being paid by the state, farmers were withholding grain to push prices up

1927-28, Stalin seized farm produce from peasants to feed urban workers

voluntary process - votes held in villages

rebelled - set fire to farms and killed their animals

army and secret police

'fist' or 'grasping'

'liquidate the kulaks as a class'

dekulakisation squads made up of army units and secret police

2 million

lost all real meaning - applied to anyone who opposed collectivisation

240,000 by 1940

chairman - communist party member

after 1935

1 for every 40 farms by 1940

not enough tractors, badly built tractors, expensive machinery

spy on peasants, spread propaganda

peasants could not leave without official permission

90% by 1935

7% in 5 years

halved

20 years

dekulakisation removed skilled farmers, peasants lacked motivation, most energy was put into small private plots

4% of farmland, supplied majority of produce

4-5 million

2,500

holodomor - extermination by hunger

issues of collectivisation, drought, communists seizing grain and selling abroad

destroy Ukranian independence, punish peasants for opposing collectivisation

rationing ended by 1934 - guaranteed grain supply secured

19 million

private land ownership abolished, class divisions removed

1934

Nikolayev - recently expelled party member

Kirov got more votes at the 17th party congress, blamed murder on a plot led by old Bolsheviks to overthrow the government

instructions sent out from Moscow to local Communist Party organisations often ignored, people angry over collectivisation, lawless new towns, obedient nation as tension with Germany rose

wife's suicide after argument with him - 'she went away as an enemy'

slaves, scapegoat - blamed 'wreckers' for 5 year plan problems

8 million

seized power violently in revolution, 'cheka' secret police, authorised 'red terror' in civil war

NKVD leader 1936-38, 'poison dwarf'

1936, Zinoviev and Kamenev

Chief Prosecutor's order at the trial of the 16

1937, Trotsky allies

1938, Bukharin

attempting to murder Kirov and overthrow the government

attempting to assassinate Lenin

Percentage of 1934 Central Committee purged

1 million

1/2 junior officers, all admirals, 3/5 marshals

Yezhov list of 250,000 'enemies of the state' to be purged by the end of the year

black vehicles driven by NKVD officials at night

conveyor belt

after confession, 28% would be simply shot

village with mass grave of over 20,000 people

prisoners who failed to meet work quotas had rations cut and slowly starved - 'goners'

Tough work camps in Siberia, temperatures could fall to -45*C

7-8 million

1-1.5 million

2 million

7-8 million

5%

normal human relationships broke down

more than 1/4 of managers purged - production increase levelled off

1939-40 'winter war' with Finland - 200,000 Russian casualties

Stalin unchallenged leader of Soviet Union

the Vozhd - big hero

right-hand man and natural successor - 'Stalin is the Lenin of today'

shown overlooking factories, responsible for successes of 5 year plans, failures left out/ blamed on wreckers

shown as responsible for WWII victory, striking white military uniform

plain clothed and smoking a pipe, with workers and children, Gori hometown turned into place of worship

easily understood, everyday situations, no family/home, communism

'The Teenagers. The Laugh' 1930 - teenagers working

major key, folk/ classical, jazz was immoral

traditional ballet

'cement' 1925 - communist hero brings cement factory back into use

'Worker and Kolkhoz Woman' 24m high

'Chapayev' 1934 - protagonist rises from peasant background to civil war hero

1936, list of rights, right to vote at 18 - but only Communist Party candidates could enter elections

appeal to ordinary people, improve Soviet image abroad

poet performed poem for some friends and was purged

1936 - 30 films and 10 plays

'The Short Biography of Stalin'

Trotsky and Kamenev erased from 1920 photograph of Lenin addressing troops

Komsomol - 10 million members by 1940

Pavlik Morozov

2.2 million to 4.1 million in 7 years

$4m^2 \space in \space 1940$

'corner dwellers', slept in corridors

25 - 250,000 in 3 years

initially mud huts, then barrack style dorms

unpaved roads, no street lighting, open sewers, lack of public transport

over 1,000 people

stealing - proverb 'he who does not steal, robs his family'

well below the average worker in 1900

2am in winter to get bread

Moscow, gardens, snack bars, swimming pool

600,000

'mini olympics' between teams from various factories

no health and safety, internal passports, trade unions restricted

workers paid by the amount produced, no set wages

1940, 8 hour working day, changing job was a criminal offence

20 mins late twice - wages cut by 25% for 6 months

none, compared to up to 25% workforce in some Western countries

basic clothing, cheap canteens, childcare in larger factories

less food, no leisure

1 room wooden hut with outside toilet and well

20% of factory worker

collective chairman

some factory managers provided fake internal passports

Zhenotdel

women didn't have to take husband's name, divorce easier, abortion legal

highest in Europe, 1/2 of marriages separated

mainly used by men to abandon family, gangs of abandoned children on streets

in late 20s Moscow, abortions outnumbered births 3-1

1936

divorce more expensive, abortion illegal, mothers with 6 or more children receive money from the state

25 per 1,000 to 31 per 1,000 within 5 years

only 3 million in 1928 - similar to Tsarist times

13 million female workers, 41% of heavy industry workers

stakhanovite whose all-female tractor team acheived 129% of its quota

60-65%

over 40% by 1940

same political rights as men - stand for and vote in party elections

first female People's Commissar

changed very little throughout the 20s

closed down in 1930

1936, Stalin approved, wives of party officials carrying out charitable acts

1957

by 1924 - exams, memorising facts, corporal punishment, traditional academic subjects

children sent to factories to work alongside workers, then write reports about what they saw

most academic departments closed - seen as elitist institutions

poor attendance, children used as cheap labour, underfunded

traditional subjects and communist ideology

age 15

exams, rote learning, uniform, compulsory pigtails for girls

55% to 94% in just over a decade

170,000 to 812,000 in just over a decade

shortly after October revolution

granted different national groups equal treatment, self-government, right to leave USSR

russification

15 largest national groups formed into the Soviet Socialist Republics

smaller self-governing territories - Russia divided into 30

a 'family of nations'

all schools had to teach Russian, local languages and cultures disloyal to USSR

over 171,000 deported to Central Asia

all arrested and exiled to Siberia and Central Asia in 1941

80km a day for first 6 months

over 3 million

45%

Leningrad

production dropped by 60%

Blitzkrieg tactics

ignored warnings from spies and Churchill, retreated to country house for first week

forbade troops from retreating - Germans encircled, Army officers purged - many let out of Gulags after

5 week delay whilst weather was good

-35*C, roads turned to mud, frostbite

launched by General Zhukov with Siberian troops - snowsuits, goggles, skis

spies said Japan woudn't attack in East - Stalin transferred troops West

established industrial areas in Ural Mountains and Siberia

1,500 factories moved to and beyond the Urals - rest was destroyed

'motherland', 'Great Patriotic War'

stayed in Moscow as German forces approached

over half income spent on war, 'Tankograd' - produced most T-34 tanks, 12-18 hr factory shifts

1945 - 20,900 compared to 7,540 German

STAKVA - high command - politicians and generals, State Defence Committee (GKO) ran economy, Zhukhov appointed Deputy Supreme Commander

7

800,000 deaths, people ate dogs, cats, dead bodies and glue

Order 227 - 'not a step back', penal battalions - prisoners and soldiers refusing to fight carried out dangerous tasks, 300,000 soldiers shot by own commanders

Americans supplied 12% aeroplanes, 75% jeeps, wheat and spam

German cities attacked by British and American bombers

didn't retreat Sixth Army from Stalingrad

key for getting to the Baku in the Caucasus - rich in oil, communication hub - could stop oil getting to Northern half of USSR, named after Stalin

in ruins from German bombing

6th Army under General Von Paulus

Red Army were outnumbered 2 to 1

close range urban hand-to-hand combat

snipers

Vasily Zaitsev - 225 kills at Stalingrad

kessel - cauldron - intensity of fighting

75%

one division of 10,000 soldiers ended with only 320 survivors

by late 1942

Operation Uranus - led by Zhukov

attacked weaker Italian, Romanian and Hungarian troops surrounding - 6th Army cut off and destroyed

half a million - more than Britain lost in whole war

40,000 in first week of German air-attacks

10,000

147,000 dead, 91,000 prisoners

boosted - 'you cannot stop an army which has done Stalingrad' - popular remark

broken - 3 days national mourning

boosted around the world - Churchill presented Stalin with a ceremonial Sword of Stalingrad

Stalin and Zhukov - Marshals, Stalingrad - 'Hero City'

by 1945, almost 70% lost

Dneiper Dam, 100,000 collective farms, 19 million civilians, 9 million soldiers

1945

88% heavy industry and armaments

USSR became fastest growing economy globally, 1947 Dneiper Dam working again

31 in 1940, 19 in 1945, 38 in 1950

211 in 1940, 203 in 1950

nearly halved during war, even in 1952 had not recovered

men killed or moved to towns, not enough machinery, peasants had 1/6 wages of factory workers on Stalin's death

gulag population 1.6 million in 1942, 4.7 million in 1947

1.5 million Soviet prisoners treated as traitors on return, Zhukov mentioned 3 times in passing in 1956 school textbooks

nationalists in Ukraine and Baltic States fought for independence

20,000 in Lithuania

400,000 Lithuanians by 1950

Stalin thought Leningrad Communist Party Officials were too popular and independent after heroic role in war

around 200,000 officials removed from positions and exiled from city

anyone with knowledge of the wider world - potential spy or traitor - developed into attack on Jewish population

had more loyalty to fellow Jews than to the Soviet Union

sacking, school, newspapers and libraries shut down, difficult to worship freely

Stalin's doctor Professor Vinogradov suggested he reduce his workload for health reasons - Stalin saw this as a murder plot

30 top, mainly Jewish, doctors arrested for plots of assassination - numbers later grew to hundreds

military alliance in 1949 - NATO

1953 - hydrogen bomb - 1000 times more powerful than atomic bomb

2.5 million ground troops - second largest after China