1Moscow population increase
2.2 million in 1929 to 4.1 million in 1936
2Average apartment size
4m^2 in 1940
3People who didnt have a flat
'corner dwellers', slept in corridors
4Magnitogorsk population increase
25 - 250,000 in 3 years
5New town housing
initially mud huts, then barrack style dorms
6New town problems (4)
unpaved roads, no street lighting, open sewers, lack of public transport
7How long could queues for shoes be?
over 1,000 people
8How did most people get by in towns?
stealing - proverb 'he who does not steal, robs his family'
9Diet of the average worker
well below the average worker in 1900
10Queues outside shops
2am in winter to get bread
11Gorky Park location and attractions
Moscow, gardens, snack bars, swimming pool
12Magnitogorsk annual cinema audiences
600,000
13Magnitogorsk entertainment example
'mini olympics' between teams from various factories
14Working conditions in towns (3)
no health and safety, internal passports, trade unions restricted
15'Progressive piecework'
workers paid by the amount produced, no set wages
16Labour code date and (2) features
1940, 8 hour working day, changing job was a criminal offence
171940 Labour code lateness
20 mins late twice - wages cut by 25% for 6 months
18Unemployment
none, compared to up to 25% workforce in some Western countries
19Factories positive aspects (3)
basic clothing, cheap canteens, childcare in larger factories
20Living conditions for peasants compared with workers (2)
less food, no leisure
21Peasant typical housing
1 room wooden hut with outside toilet and well
22Income of average peasant
20% of factory worker
23Who told peasants what to do?
collective chairman
24Peasants couldn't leave without official permission but...
some factory managers provided fake internal passports
25Party organisation to promote women's issues 1920s
Zhenotdel
26Changes in family life after Bolshevik victory (3)
women didn't have to take husband's name, divorce easier, abortion legal
27New divorce laws negatives: divorce rate
highest in Europe, 1/2 of marriages separated
28Easier divorce negatives (2)
mainly used by men to abandon family, gangs of abandonned children on streets
29Abortion negative
in late 20s Moscow, abortions outnumbered births 3-1
30Stalin's Family Code date
1936
311936 Family Code features (3)
divorce more expensive, abortion illegal, mothers with 6 or more children recieve money from the state
32Birth rate rise
25 per 1,000 to 31 per 1,000 within 5 years
33How many women worked under the NEP?
only 3 million in 1928 - similar to Tsarist times
34Women in work: by 1940 (2)
13 million female workers, 41% of heavy industry workers
35Pasha Anglelina
stakhanovite whose all-female tractor team acheived 129% of its quota
36What percent of male wages did women have
60-65%
37What percentage of engineering students were female?
over 40% by 1940
38What did the Bolsheviks give women when they first seized power?
same political rights as men - stand for and vote in party elections
39Alexandra Kollontai
first female People's Commissar
40What happened to the percentage of women in the party?
changed very little throughout the 20s
41What happened to the Zhenotdel
closed down in 1930
42Housewives Movement
1936, Stalin approved, wives of party officials carrying out charitable acts
43When was the first female member of the Politburo elected?
1957
44Which traditional teaching methods had been left behind by 1924? (4)
exams, memorising facts, corporal punishment, traditional academic subjects
45Project method
children sent to factories to work alongside workers, then write reports about what they saw
46What happened to universities in the 20s
most academic departments closed - seen as elitist institutions
47Problems in 1920s schools (3)
poor attendance, children used as cheap labour, underfunded
48What did 1930s schools have to teach?
traditional subjects and communist ideology
49Until when was it compulsory for children to attend school 1930s
age 15
50Discipline in 1930s schools (4)
exams, rote learning, uniform, compulsory pigtails for girls
51Literacy rate increase
55% to 94% in just over a decade
52University attendance increase
170,000 to 812,000 in jsut over a decade
53When was the 'Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia' set down
shortly after October revolution
54Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia (3)
granted different national groups equal treatment, self-government, right to leave USSR
55What Tsarist policy did the early communist party disagree with?
russification
56How were national groups divided in the 20s?
15 largest national groups formed into the Soviet Socialist Republics
57Minority populations within each Republic
smaller self-governing territories - Russia divided into 30
58What did the early Communists call the Soviet Union
a 'family of nations'
59Stalin's russification (2)
all schools had to teach Russian, local languages and cultures disloyal to USSR
60What was Stalin prepared to do to national groups?
move them by force if he doubted their loyalty
61Ethnic Koreans
over 171,000 deported to Central Asia in 1937
62Volga Germans
all arrested and exiled to Siberia and Central Asia in 1941