Endocrinology: Pituitary Gland

It is a small, pea-sized gland located at the bottom of your brain directly below the hypothalamus, behind the bridge of your nose.

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

It controls the functions of many other endocrine glands in the body.

It releases important hormones related to growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

ACTH, FSH, GH, TSH, LH, and PRL.

ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin.

It helps the body respond to stress and stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.

It stimulates sperm production.

It stimulates estrogen production and plays a role in egg development.

A gonadotrophic hormone.

It stimulates growth and helps them grow taller.

It maintains healthy muscles and bones and impacts fat distribution.

It helps turn food into energy.

The thyroid to produce hormones that manage metabolism, energy levels, and the nervous system.

It triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion.

It stimulates testosterone secretion.

A gonadotrophic hormone controlling ovaries and testes.

It stimulates breast development and milk production.

Water balance and sodium levels in the body.

Produced by the hypothalamus and storedeleased by the pituitary.

It sends signals to the uterus to contract.

It causes breast milk to flow.

It influences parent-baby bonding and sperm movement.

Regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response.

The endocrine system.

A condition where the pituitary does not produce sufficient hormones.

Getting 7–9 hours of consistent sleep.

Chronic stress and smoking.

Fatigue, low energy, slow growth, delayed puberty, trouble focusing.

They control growth and energy to keep the body balanced.

It controls growth, metabolism, blood pressure, and reproduction.

They can cause too little or too much hormone release.

In the anterior neck below the larynx around the trachea.

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4).

Metabolic rate, heart function, digestion, muscle control, brain development.

Basal metabolic energy production.

Cardiovascular system.

Underactive thyroid causing slowed body functions.

Overactive thyroid causing increased body functions.

Eating iodine-rich foods.

Lack of iodine.

Tiredness, weight gain, poor concentration, sensitivity to cold.

They regulate metabolism, temperature, heart rate, and energy levels.

It affects energy, focus, mood, and growth.

Maintain balanced diet and avoid extreme stress.

Embedded in the back side of the thyroid in the neck.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Blood calcium and phosphate levels.

Skeletal system.

Brittle bones, kidney stones, fatigue, weakness.

Frequent urination, bone pain, thirst, fatigue.

Muscle cramps and spasms.

Acts on kidneys, bones, intestines via Vitamin D activation.

Taking enough Vitamin D.

Too much calcium intake.

It supports bone growth and skeletal health.

Suprarenal glands.

On top of the kidneys.

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

Adrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone.

Fight or flight response.

Metabolism, inflammation, blood pressure, blood sugar, sleep cycle.

Blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Addison’s disease with low cortisol and aldosterone.

Fatigue, weakness, low mood, weight loss, thirst.

Sleep, stress management, exercise, balanced diet.

Sleep deprivation, chronic stress, excess caffeine.

Manages stress, energy, and focus.

Behind the stomach in the upper abdomen.

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin.

Maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Produces enzymes amylase, lipase, protease.

When pancreas cannot producese insulin effectively.

Frequent urination, thirst, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision.

Allows glucose to enter cells for energy.

Supports digestion, metabolism, energy for growth.

Balanced diet, exercise, avoid alcohol and smoking.

In the scrotum.

Testosterone.

Secondary sex traits, sperm production, muscle and bone strength.

Reproductive system.

Low energy, delayed puberty, infertility.

Supports growth, mood, reproduction.

They control puberty and physical development.

In pelvic cavity on each side of uterus.

Estrogen and progesterone.

When ovaries stop functioning earlier than expected.

Irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings.

Regulate menstrual cycle, mood, temperature, bone health.

They control puberty and reproductive health.

Balanced diet, exercise, avoid smoking.

Deep in middle of brain in epithalamus.

Melatonin.

Sleep–wake cycle and circadian rhythm.

Darkness increases production, light decreases it.

Sleep disorders and mood changes.

Limit blue light before bed.

Upper chest behind breastbone.

T-cells and thymosin.

Fight infections in immune system.

Immunodeficiency.

Most active during childhood and puberty.

Chronic stress reduces its size and function.

A network of glands producing hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and balance.

It maintains homeostasis and overall well-being.