1How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
2To which nervous system do cranial nerves belong?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3Through what structures do cranial nerves pass through the skull?
Skull foramina
4How many cranial nerves are associated with the brain stem?
10 of 12
5What are the three functional types of cranial nerves?
Sensory, motor, and mixed
6What is a primary function of cranial nerves related to the face?
Receiving sensory input and transmitting motor output
7Which special senses receive input through cranial nerves?
Smell, taste, hearing, and sight
8Which eye-related function do cranial nerves control?
Eye movements
9Which cranial nerve function enables chewing?
Motor control of mastication
10Which cranial nerve function contributes to speech?
Motor control involved in speech
11What type of sensory input can cranial nerves receive from internal organs?
Visceral sensory input
12What type of output can cranial nerves send to organs?
Motor output
13Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with certain cranial nerves?
Parasympathetic division
14Do all cranial nerves perform every listed cranial nerve function?
No
15What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
16Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
17Which nervous system division contains the autonomic nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
18Which division of the PNS contains the autonomic nervous system?
Motor (efferent) division
19What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
Internal organ functions
20Which muscle types does the ANS control?
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
21Which other effectors does the ANS control?
Glands
22What structures make up the ANS and help maintain homeostasis?
Nerves and ganglia
23What is a key role of the autonomic nervous system in the body?
Maintaining internal homeostasis and initiating stress responses
24How does the ANS adjust body systems?
By making continuous involuntary fine-tuning adjustments based on sensory information
25How can the ANS regulate body temperature?
By adjusting involuntary body responses that affect temperature
26What two changes in blood vessel diameter can the ANS produce?
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
27What two changes in bronchial diameter can the ANS produce?
Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction
28What cardiovascular variable does the ANS regulate?
Heart rate
29What digestive function does the ANS control?
Stomach secretions
30What is the direction of information flow in the sensory (afferent) division?
From the PNS to the CNS
31What may sensory input initiate through the nervous system?
A motor response through the somatic nervous system, ANS, or both
32Which system controls both somatic and autonomic motor responses?
Central nervous system (CNS)
33What do both somatic and autonomic motor neurons send signals to?
Effectors
34How do somatic and autonomic motor neurons communicate across neuronal synapses?
Using neurotransmitters
35What electrical signals do neurons use to transmit nerve impulses?
Action potentials
36What is the main voluntary difference between somatic motor and autonomic motor divisions?
Somatic motor is mostly voluntary; ANS motor is involuntary
37What is the primary effector of the somatic motor division?
Skeletal muscle
38Which effectors are controlled by the autonomic motor division?
Organs, glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
39What can differ between somatic and autonomic motor responses?
Neurotransmitters, receptors, and how the response is propagated
40How many motor neurons does the ANS typically use to transmit signals to an effector?
Two
41Where do autonomic motor neurons synapse?
At an autonomic ganglion
42What is a preganglionic neuron?
A neuron whose cell body is in the CNS and whose axon terminal reaches an autonomic ganglion
43Where is the cell body of a preganglionic neuron located?
In the CNS
44Where does a preganglionic neuron's axon terminal end?
In an autonomic ganglion
45What is a postganglionic neuron?
A neuron whose cell body is in an autonomic ganglion and whose axon terminal reaches a target effector
46Where is the cell body of a postganglionic neuron located?
In an autonomic ganglion
47Where does a postganglionic neuron's axon terminal end?
At the target effector
48What are three key features used to compare sympathetic and parasympathetic organization?
Preganglionic neuron origins, autonomic ganglion locations, and dual innervation
49Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
Craniosacral regions
50Where do parasympathetic ganglia generally lie relative to their target effectors?
Near the target effectors
51What does dual innervation mean in the ANS?
The same effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
52What general state is associated with the parasympathetic division?
Rest and digest
53When is the parasympathetic division most active?
During normal, non-stressful activities
54What are the main purposes of parasympathetic activity?
Conserving energy, digesting food, and eliminating wastes
55What is cranial outflow in the ANS?
Parasympathetic output carried by cranial nerves
56What is sacral outflow in the ANS?
Parasympathetic output carried by sacral nerves
57Which nervous system division is associated with fight-or-flight responses?
Sympathetic division
58What happens to the pupils during sympathetic activation?
They dilate
59How does sympathetic activation affect heart rate?
It increases heart rate
60During fight-or-flight, where is blood flow generally redirected?
Toward skeletal muscles and lungs and away from the gastrointestinal tract
61Does sympathetic activation always cause vasoconstriction?
No, it can cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the target effector
62Why can sympathetic responses be coordinated and rapid?
Sympathetic ganglia are closely positioned in a sympathetic ganglion chain
63What is another name for the sympathetic ganglion chain?
Sympathetic chain
64What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on an effector receiving dual innervation?
It can produce a response different from parasympathetic stimulation
65Why can sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation produce different effector responses?
They use different neurotransmitters at their postganglionic terminals
66Which neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
67Which neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
68Which neurotransmitter do most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
Norepinephrine
69Which neurotransmitter do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
Acetylcholine
70Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic preganglionic axon terminals?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
71Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic preganglionic axon terminals?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
72Which neurotransmitter is typically released by sympathetic postganglionic axon terminals?
Norepinephrine
73Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic axon terminals?
Acetylcholine
74Which endocrine organ also plays a major role in the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal gland
75How do endocrine glands release hormones?
Directly into the bloodstream
76Where is the adrenal medulla located?
In the inner region of the adrenal gland
77Which part of the adrenal gland is a major component of the sympathetic response?
Adrenal medulla
78What type of neuron does the adrenal medulla contain?
Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons
79What does the adrenal medulla release when stimulated?
Large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine
80Into what do adrenal medullary hormones enter?
The bloodstream
81What common expression describes the effects of epinephrine release?
A rush of adrenaline
82What two body systems are linked by the adrenal medulla?
Nervous and endocrine systems
83Which structures mediate the short-term and long-term stress response?
Hypothalamus and adrenal gland
84What is a visceral reflex arc?
A reflex pathway involving visceral sensory input, integration, and visceral motor output
85What are the three basic stages of a visceral reflex arc?
Visceral sensory input, integration, and visceral motor output
86What triggers the defecation reflex?
Stretching of the rectum
87What does rectal stretching cause during the defecation reflex?
Smooth muscle contractions
88What triggers the micturition reflex?
Stretching of the bladder
89What does bladder stretching cause during the micturition reflex?
Smooth muscle contractions
90What does the baroreceptor reflex monitor?
Blood pressure
91Where are baroreceptors involved in the described reflex located?
In the carotid artery
92What happens to heart rate when increased blood pressure is detected by the baroreceptor reflex?
Heart rate slows
93What is the effect of the baroreceptor reflex on blood pressure?
It helps lower blood pressure
94Which CNS region contains visceral reflex centers for urination and defecation?
Spinal cord
95Which CNS region contains reflex centers that regulate heart rate and respiratory rate?
Brain stem
96Which brain stem structure contains reflex centers for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood vessel diameter?
Medulla
97What does the medulla regulate through autonomic reflex centers?
Heart rate, respiratory rate, and vasoconstriction or vasodilation
98What is the main regulator of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
99What types of information does the hypothalamus receive to regulate the ANS?
Sensory information from the environment, viscera, and blood
100What responses can the hypothalamus initiate?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses
101Which CNS region can influence the ANS through conscious control?
Cerebral cortex
102How can the cerebral cortex influence defecation?
By allowing conscious control over the urge to defecate
103How can meditation and breathing exercises affect the ANS?
They can stimulate the parasympathetic division
104Which nerve is stimulated by meditation and breathing exercises to influence parasympathetic activity?
Vagus nerve
105What autonomic response can talking about scary experiences induce?
Sympathetic activation
106What are the two main autonomic responses to stress?
Short-term and long-term stress responses