Intro to Psychology Test 2

NS

US

UR

CS

CR

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Developmental researchers who consider how biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact:*\ are focusing on _______ and ________.

Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting _________; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting _________.

Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome.

The first 2 weeks of prenatal development is the period of the _________. The period of the ________ lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the ______.

The biological growth process called _________ explains why most children begin walking by about 11 to 15 months.

Piaget stage for object permanence:*\

Piaget stage for pretend play:*\

Piaget stage for conservation:*\

Piaget stage for abstract logic:*\

Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i–vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: (a) sensorimotor, (b) preoperational, (c) concrete operational, (d) formal operational.

Thinking about abstract concepts, such as “freedom.”

Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i–vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: (a) sensorimotor, (b) preoperational, (c) concrete operational, (d) formal operational.

Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up).

Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i–vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: (a) sensorimotor, (b) preoperational, (c) concrete operational, (d) formal operational.

Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form.

Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i–vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: (a) sensorimotor, (b) preoperational, (c) concrete operational, (d) formal operational.

Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight.

Identify each of the following developmental abilities (i–vi) with the correct cognitive developmental stage: (a) sensorimotor, (b) preoperational, (c) concrete operational, (d) formal operational.

Having difficulty taking another’s point of view (as when blocking someone’s view of the TV).

What skill is associated with theory of mind?

According to Kohlberg, ___________ morality focuses on self-interest, ________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and ____________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules.

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to ______ and to _______.

The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called _________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called ________.

With classical conditioning, we learn associations between events we ________ (do/do not) control. With operant conditioning, we learn associations between our behavior and _________ (resulting\/random) events.

What type of reinforcement to take away a desired stimulus (for example, a teen's use of the car)

What type of reinforcement to give a undesired/aversive (for example, an insult)

What type of reinforcement to take away a undesired/aversive (for example, an insult)

What type of reinforcement to give a desired stimulus (for example, a teen's use of the car)

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a(n) __________ behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is a(n) _________ behavior.

Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark

Your little brother getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie

Salivating when you smell brownies in the oven

Disliking the taste of chili after becoming violently sick a few hours after eating chili

Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home

The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and ______________.

Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,

The threadlike structures made largely of DNA molecules are called _________.

A small segment of DNA is called a ______.

Epigenetics is the study of the molecular ways by which ________ trigger or block genetic expression.

Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the _______; within 6 months, during the period of the ______, the organs are sufficiently functional to provide a good chance of surviving and thriving.

Chemicals that the placenta isn't able to screen out that can harm an embryo or fetus are called _______.

Stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

Fraternal twins result when

______ twins share the same DNA.

Adoption studies seek to understand genetic influences on personality. They do this mainly by

Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _______ lobes, which enable reasoning and planning.

Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?

Why can't people consciously recall learning to walk?

Although Piaget’s stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children’s thinking, many researchers believe that

An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father’s shoulder is showing __________ ________.

From the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences are usually explained as differences in ___________:*\.

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the __________ __________ stage.

In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence is

Some developmental psychologists refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties as ________ _________.

By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to

Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and ________.

Contrary to what many people assume,

Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring _________ or _______.

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which we associate _________, and operant conditioning, in which we associate _________.

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) ________ stimulus.

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of _________

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a furry coat. This illustrates

Thorndike's law of effect was the basis for _________'s work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called _______.

Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when she barks again.” The end of the barking was for you a

Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called __________ reinforcement.

A restaurant delivery service is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, you will get a free appetize r. This is an example of a _______-________ schedule of reinforcement

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response after unpredictable time period is a _______-_______ schedule

An old saying notes that “a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, getting burned would be an example of

Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the n eutral stimulus (NS)?

Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop a __________ ___________ of the maze.

Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for doing so. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated _________ _________.

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called _____________ _________

According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience _______________ reinforcement or ______________ punishment

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if

Some scientists believe that the brain has _________ neurons that enable empathy and imitation.

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence

What three things does the brain automatically remember?

Semantic Memories

Episodic Memory

What does the basal ganglia learn?

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are _______, _______, and________

The concept of working memory

Sensory memory may be visual (________ memory) or auditory (__________ memory).

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ____________ bits of information.

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called ________.

Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a
bicycle, which is an ____________ (explicit/implicit) memory.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your ________.

Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of ______ ______.

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a
delay, they are most likely to recall

When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to

You will experience less __________________ proactive\/retroactive interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it
before turning to another subject.

Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called __________.

One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information.
This tendency is an example of

We may recognize a face at a social gather but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of ______ _______.

When a situation triggers the feeling that "I've been here before," you are experiencing _______ ______.

Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if

Memory researchers involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with some therapists about which of the following statements?

Is the continous or intermittent reinforcement schedule better?

Fixed ratio

Fixed interval

variable ratio

variable time

Which is the best reinforcement schedule?

Trust vs mistrust

Erickson Infants stage

Autonomy vs. shame

Erickson Toddler Stage

Intiative vs Guilt

Erickson Preschool stage

Competency vs. Inferiority

Erickson Middle/Late-Childhood (6-puberty)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erickson Teens-20s stage

Intimacy vs isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erickson Middle adult stage

Integrity vs Despair

Erickson Late adult stage