Pathology: Fluid Forces and Blood Pressure

CAPILLARY COP AND THE TISSUE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

pushing

pulling

sodium
increased levels of adh decrease urine output

true

diuresis ( anti - diuresis)

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
lymphatic obstruction
increased cappilary permeability
decreased cappilary oncotic pressure

deficient sodium in the blood
decreased urinatioon

increased sodium
increased thirst

nerves fire more easily- increaesed excitability- muscle cramps,
laryngospasm
asphyxiation
cardiac arrest

nerve firing

nerves are less able to fire
decreased NMS
muscle weakness
CNS depression
kidney stone formation

1.3-2.1

atp generation
dna replication
mrna production and translation

( K+) potassium exit from cardiac cells
smooth muscle relaxant

acid

anaerobic fermentation

nucleic acid catabolism

from fat catabolism

carbon dioxide

any mechanism that resists changes in pH
convert strong acids or bases to weak ones

a substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise, or releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls
- restores noraml ph in fraction of a second

bicarbonate
phosphate
protein systems
serum levels of ph and CO2 levels are directly proportional

false-
as blood levels of CO2 increase , ph becomes more acidic ( decreases)

acidosis, alkalosis

ecf below 7.35

ecf above 7.45

emphesema - COPD

heprventilation

DKA

Nahco2

lymphocytes - accinations introduce antigens causing your body to produce antibodies

eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil

-mutation of myeloid cell line
-overproduction of abnormal monocytes or granulocytes
-replaces normal bone marrow cells
-

creates abnormal white blood cells
Lymphocytic (ALL,CLL) lymphocytes
Myelocytic (AML, CML) myeloid

acute is fast and chronic slow

non hodgkins = b and t cells
hodgkins = malignant b cells invade lymphoid organs
hodgkins lymphoma has a better prognosis than non hodgkins lymphoma

true

an income called erythropoietin stimualtes their production
-platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin
hypercoagulability states increase the risk of thrombus formation

true

A life-threatening disorder that occurs as a complication of other diseases and conditions.
- small blood clots form and over time clotting factors are used up which lead to more bleeding
-clot,clot,clot, then bleed, bleed,bleed -

decreased platelet adhesion
platelet disorders are bleeding disorders

true

four
each hemolglobin molecule has two alpha and two beta protein chains

bone marrow, spleen

anemia
ex blood loss
hemolysis
impaired rbc production
patients with sickle cell anemia who also suffer from lung disease are more prone to sickling

true
ex hypoxia

iron deficiency anemia

megaloblastic anemia

aplastic anemia

chronic disease anemias also
hemolytic anemia - premature destruction of mature rbc
-posthemmorhagic anemia is due to acute sudden blood loss

vitamin b 12

passive

movement from more watery to less watery

into the cell (depolarization)
when K+ leaves the cell it becomes less positive or more negative unit it returns to resting membrance potential repolarization

autosomal recessive genetic disorder that results in a deficiency in the enzyme hexosaminidase A; causes an accumulation of glycolipids in the lysosomes, resulting in a progressive loss of psychomotor functions
death at age 4-5

most commonly inherited cause of intellectual disability and occurs when a DNA series makes too many copies of itself and turns off a gene on the X chromosome
x linked recessive

condition in which an individual has three number 21 chromosomes, resulting in Down syndrome

autosomal dominant; pleiotropic; tall, weak heart

autosomal dominant

autosomal recessive

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

-Klinefelter's syndrome
-One or more extra X chromosomes in the presence of a Y
-Male appearance
-Often undetected

contain cells that look like normal cells
perform noramal tissue functions
surrounded by fibrous capsule
do not infiltrate invade or metasisize
can damage near by oragns by compressing them

do not look like normal adult cells
do not perform normal functions
grows rapidly
lack capsule

depletion
power failure

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

programmed into the cells

too short and the cell can no longer divide

dna damages
free radicals
glycation

-circle-female
-square-male
-shaded-affected
-unshaded-unaffected
-half-shaded- carrier

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia

Pathway initiated by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and/or low blood volume

pull

initial mutation occurs

mutated cells are stimulated to divide
intiation of uncontrolled growth

permanent malignant changes

is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder
carries a clotting factor

blood disorder passed down through families inheriated
inadequate amount of hemoglobin

affect fetal and adult Hb
1-4 defective genes
defective gene for alpha chain synthesis

100 different mutation
affects only adults

b12