1It refers to a series of laboratory tests done on fecal samples to analyze the condition of a person's digestive tract in general.
Fecalysis
2• Early detection of Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding
• Liver and biliary disorders
• Maldigestion/Malabsorptioc syndromes • Inflammation
• Causes of diarrhea and steatorrhea
• Identification of pathologic bacteria and parasites
Fecalysis
3Stool Physical/Macroscopic Examination
• Color
• Consistency
4Results from the intestinal oxidation of Stercobilinogen to Urobilin
Color
5Color Variations
• Pale
• Bloody-Black Tarry
• Bright Red
• Green
• Yellow
6Stool Pale Variation Pathologic:
Bile duct obstruction
7Stool Pale Variation Non-pathologic:
Use of Barium Sulfate
8Stool Bloody-Black Tarry Variation Pathologic:
Upper GI bleeding
9Stool Blood-Black Tarry Variation Non-pathologic:
Iron, Charcoal, Bismuth
10Stool Bright Red Variation Pathologic:
Lowe GI bleeding
11Stool Bright Red Variation Non-pathologic:
Rifampin and Beets
12Seen in patients taking oral antibiotics
Green Color Stool
13Green Color Stool caused by eating
Ingestion of increased amounts of green vegetables or food coloring
14Yellow Color Stool caused by eating
Milk diet, Corn meat, Rhubarb and Fats
15Stool Normal Consistency/Appearance
Firm to Soft
16If it sways one way or another, it could suggest some digestion or fiber issues.
Stool Consistency/Appearance
17Stool: Sausage shaped with cracks in the surface
Type 3 (Normal)
18Stool: Smooth, soft sausage or snake
Type 4 (Normal)
19Stool: Separate hard lumps
Type 1 (Very constipated)
20Stool: Lumpy and sausage like
Type 2 (slightly constipated)
21Stool: Soft blobs with clear-cut edges
Type 5 (Lack of Fibers)
22Stool: Mushy with ragged edges
Inflammation
23Stool: Liquid with no solid pieces
Inflammation
24It uses a portion of stool mixed with Normal Saline Solution and Lugol's Iodine
Microscopic Examination (Stool)
25Cover slip is placed on top of the side and ready to be viewed under the microscope
Microscopic Examination (Stool)
26In stool microscopic examination, the medical technologist observes
• vegetable fibers
• vegetable cells
• fat globules
• Cell such as RBC and WBC
• Yeast
• Intestinal Parasite
27True or False: Normal fecalysis result does not contain any parasite, RBC, WBC, or any bacteria
True
28True or False: Result of both normal and abnormal, will help physician in the diagnosis
True
29It refers to blood in feces that is not visibly apparent
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
303 Chromagen Indicator:
• Benzidine
• Ortho-toluidine
• Gum guaiac
31The most sensitive chromagen indicator
Benzidine
32The least sensitive chromagen indicator
Gum guaiac
33Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
34In Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT), the color change after
30 seconds
35It aids in early diagnosis of microalbuminuria
Micral Test
36Micral Test Sensitivity
0 - 10 mg/dL
37Immunologic detection of human albumin by mean of soluble antibody-gold-conjugated.
Micral Test
38Urine sample is absorbed by the test strip
Micral test
39Conjugated fleece contains free gold-labeled antibodies.
Zone 1
40Capture matrix fleece with fixed human serum albumin
Zone 2
41Albumin concentration of an average urine specimen should not exceed
15 - 20 mg/dL
42True or False: A normal microalbuminuria value does not necessarily rule out renal disease
True
43It makes an excellent marker for confirming pregnancy
The appearance and rapid rise in concentration of hCG in the mother's serum and urine
44Pregnancy can be detected as early as
8 - 10 days after ovulation
45Pregnancy peaks at
8 - 10 weeks of pregnancy
46Pregnancy Test Principle
Immunochromatographic assay
47Pregnancy Test Sensitivity
25 mlU/mL
48It is the macroscopic, chemical, and microscopic examination of semen.
Sperm Analysis
49It is done to ascertain the total count and functional attributes of semen sample
Sperm Analysis
50True or False: Complete ejaculation should be collected in a sterile, dry, wide mouth plastic container
True
51Period of abstinence between ____to_____ days is mandatory.
3 to 5 days
52True or False: The longer periods of abstinence, the higher semen volume but lower motility.
True
53True or False: The bladder should be evacuated after to ejaculation
False (prior to ejaculation)
54True or False: The most satisfactory sample is when collection is done in the lab
True
55True or False: If sperm sample collected at home delivered to lab within 2 hours.
False (within 1 hour)
56True or False: Sperm should not be collected in condoms
True
57True or False: Home sterilized containers should not be used
True
58True or False: The lid of container should have rubber lining.
False (should not have rubber lining)
59True or False: Water is spermicidal
True
60Sperm Sample Rejection
• unlabelled specimen
• incomplete ejaculation
• sample received after 1 hour of ejaculation
• Inadequate transport sample
61Sperm Sample Storage
• Semen samples should be examined ASAP.
• If delay, store at room temperature ( 20°C to 30°C)
• Excessive heat, cold or direct sunlight should be avoided
• Do not refrigerate the samples.
62Sperm test equipment and reagents
• Glass Slide
• Cover glass
• Neubauer counting chamber
• pH paper
• WBC pipette
• Cold water
• Timer
• Microscope
63Sperm Grade 0
No adhesion
64Sperm Grade 1
Isolated (<10%)
65Sperm Grade 2
Moderate (<30%)
66Sperm Grade 3
Large (<50%)
67Degree of Agglutination
• Grade 0
• Grade 1
• Grade 2
• Grade 3
68Sperm Motility Grading
• Progressive (PR)
• Non-progressive (NP)
• Immotile (IM)
69Spermatozoa moving actively, either linearly or in a large circle, regardless of speed.
Progressive (PR)
70All other patterns of motility with an absence of progression
Non-progressive (NP)
71No movement
Immotile (IM)
72Formula to Calculate the Sperm Concentration
Sperm concentration (10x^6 per mL) number of sperms counted x 100,000
= 133 x 10^6 per mL x 100,000
= 13.3 x 10^6 per mL
73Formula to get total sperm count
Total sperm count = sperm concentration x voulme
= 13.3 x 10^6 /mL x 2 ml
= 26.6 x 10^6 /ejaculate