1What is ownership?
Ownership is the independent and general power of a person over a thing, including the right to enjoy and dispose of it, subject only to limitations by law.
2Who is a natural person?
A natural person is a human being capable of holding rights and assuming obligations.
3Who is a juridical person?
A juridical person is a non-human legal entity recognized by law as having rights and obligations, such as corporations or LGUs.
4What is public ownership?
Property owned by the State, such as roads, rivers, or government buildings.
5What is private ownership?
Property owned by natural or juridical persons.
6What is principal property?
The main property, such as a house or land.
7What is accessory property?
A property that exists to serve or complement the principal, such as a key or garage.
8What is generic property?
Property identified by its class or category, not individually.
9What is specific property?
Property that is individually identified or uniquely described.
10What is corporeal property?
Tangible, material things like land, a house, or a car.
11What is incorporeal property?
Intangible rights such as easements, shares, or copyrights.
12What is movable property?
Property that can be physically moved, like a laptop or a bicycle.
13What is immovable property?
Property that cannot be moved, such as land or buildings.
14What is full ownership?
Complete ownership that includes the right to possess, use, enjoy fruits, dispose of, and recover the property.
15What is naked ownership?
Ownership without the rights to use or enjoy the fruits, which belong to a usufructuary.
16What is sole ownership?
Property owned by one person only.
17What is co-ownership?
Property owned jointly by two or more persons.
18What is a Special Power of Attorney (SPA)?
A written document authorizing another person to perform specific acts on the owner’s behalf, such as selling or mortgaging land.
19Who is an attorney-in-fact?
The person authorized under a Special Power of Attorney to act on behalf of the principal.
20What are the rights of an owner with full ownership?
The rights to possess, use, enjoy fruits, dispose of, and recover the property.
21What is evidence of ownership?
Pieces of information showing ownership, such as receipts, tax declarations, or deeds.
22What is proof of ownership?
The final conclusion based on all evidence presented.
23What is a land title?
A legal document proving ownership of land under the Torrens system.
24What are patent titles?
Titles issued by the government through grants such as Free Patent, Homestead Patent, or Sales Patent.
25What does “title not subject to collateral attack” mean?
A title cannot be challenged in another case; it can only be questioned through a direct action specifically filed to annul it.
26What is an annotation on a title?
A note written on a land title indicating claims, liens, or legal conditions on the property.
27What is an extrajudicial settlement annotation?
A note showing heirs divided property without court intervention.
28What are liens and encumbrances?
Claims or burdens on the property like mortgages, taxes, and easements.
29What is PD 27?
A law related to agrarian reform granting land to tenant-farmers.
30What is a cloud on title?
Any claim, document, or annotation that makes ownership doubtful or unclear.
31How is a cloud on title removed?
Through a court action for Quieting of Title or documents to cancel invalid encumbrances.
32What is a decree of registration?
The final LRA order confirming ownership, used to issue the Original Certificate of Title.
33Are Spanish titles valid today?
No. They were discontinued and no longer recognized under PD 892 and PD 1529.
34What is a tax declaration?
A document from the local assessor showing property valuation for tax purposes; not proof of ownership.
35Who issues tax declarations?
The Local Assessor’s Office.
36Can a corporation own land?
Yes, if recognized by the SEC and at least 60% Filipino-owned.