Japanese 2

Potential form.

This verb form expresses the ability or possibility to do the action described by the verb, as in 食べられる (can eat), 飲める (can drink), and 泳げる (can swim). As you can see, the potential form is similar to the word "can," but it is built into the Japanese verb rather than a separate word like in English.

Change the final kana to the え equivalent, add る

For example:
知る → 知れる
読む → 読める

Drop る, add れる or られる

For example:
消える → 消えれる or 消えられる
上げる → 上げれる or 上げられる

くる → こられる

する → できる

Another negative form. It means "without doing."

Without doing verb. Considered to be a little formal and stiff.

For example: "私は何も思わずに言う" means "I said it without thinking."

Change the final kana into the あ equivalent, add ず.

Note: Works similarly to the ～ない form, except you add ず instead.

For example:
行く → 行かず

Drop る, add ず.

Note: Works similarly to the ～ない form, except you add ず instead.

For example:
食べる → 食べず

くる → こず

する → せず

Even, too, I've heard.

Expressing the idea that there are no exceptions. In other words, "no matter."

For example: "誰だって知っている” means "everybody knows that."

From, since, because.

For Example: "はかせに待っているから” means "because the professor is waiting for you."

ある means "to be," so this indicates a continued performance of an action or state similarly to ～ている.

The difference here is that it carries a nuance of purpose.
窓を開けている means that you've simply opened a window.
窓を開けてある indicates that you've opened a window and there's a reason why.

A verb in the ～ておく form most commonly implies doing something in advance for later convenience. You are getting something out of the way so you can put it out of your mind.

おく commonly translates to "to put/place (something)." When attached to another verb, it implies that you are getting something done so you can put it out of your mind and relax.

Putting a verb in the ～た form before a noun modifies the noun as if the verb was an adjective. The verb describes the noun as, "the [NOUN] that was doing [VERB]."

For example: 泳いだ猫 means "the cat that was swimming."

This sort of

That sort of

That sort of

What kind of, what sort of

Expression meaning "to come along" or "to arrive."

That is to say...