Correctional Administration and Penology

The organization, management, supervision, and evaluation of institutions and programs responsible for the lawful custody, treatment, rehabilitation, and reintegration of offenders.

The study of punishment, penal institutions, correctional practices, and society's responses to criminal offending.

The component responsible for implementing lawful custodial and community-based sanctions, supervision, rehabilitation, and related offender services.

Penology studies punishment and correctional systems, while correctional administration focuses on managing and implementing correctional institutions and programs.

Institutional corrections and noninstitutional or community-based corrections.

The custody, supervision, care, and rehabilitation of persons held in correctional facilities under lawful authority.

The supervision, treatment, and rehabilitation of eligible offenders in the community rather than through continuous confinement in a correctional institution.

A legally established facility used to hold persons under lawful detention or sentence and provide required custodial and correctional services.

A custodial facility generally used for persons awaiting investigation, trial, or final disposition and for certain short-term sentenced prisoners, subject to jurisdictional rules.

A correctional institution generally intended for persons serving sentences of imprisonment under the authority of the applicable prison system.

A detainee is held under lawful authority without a final conviction for the relevant charge, while a convicted prisoner has been adjudged guilty, subject to the status of the judgment.

A legally authorized sanction imposed in response to an offense following applicable judicial or legal procedures.

The view that punishment is justified because an offender deserves a proportionate sanction for a wrongful act.

The use of sanctions or their anticipated consequences to discourage future offending.

Discouraging other members of society from offending through the perceived consequences of punishment imposed on offenders.

Discouraging a particular offender from committing future offenses through the experience or anticipated consequences of punishment.

Reducing opportunities to commit offenses in the community by lawfully restricting an offender's liberty or capacity to offend.

Helping offenders develop skills, behaviors, capacities, and circumstances that reduce future offending and support lawful living.

The intended improvement of an offender's conduct, attitudes, and habits toward lawful and socially responsible behavior.

The process of supporting a person's return to lawful and constructive participation in family, community, and social life after confinement or correctional supervision.

An approach emphasizing accountability, recognition and repair of harm, and meaningful participation of affected parties where appropriate.

The principle that the severity of punishment should bear an appropriate relationship to the seriousness of the offense and relevant culpability.

Punishment should be lawful, proportionate, and sufficiently certain and prompt to discourage rational offending.

Cesare Beccaria.

Jeremy Bentham.

Punishment is justified to the extent that its expected social benefits, such as crime prevention, outweigh the harm it imposes.

The principle that correctional interventions should address factors associated with offending and support the offender's capacity to live lawfully.

A historical approach treating criminal behavior as a condition requiring diagnosis and individualized treatment, often criticized for excessive professional discretion.

An approach emphasizing lawful, fair, determinate, and proportionate sanctions with safeguards against arbitrary correctional decisions.

An institutional approach emphasizing secure confinement, order, discipline, and control.

An approach emphasizing preparation for community return, maintenance of constructive social ties, and continuity of support after release.

A historical penitentiary system emphasizing solitary confinement, individual reflection, and separation of prisoners.

A historical prison system emphasizing congregate labor under enforced silence, with separate cells commonly used at night.

The Pennsylvania system emphasized individual separation, while the Auburn system combined congregate labor with strict silence and nighttime separation.

A historical staged correctional system using progression through confinement, intermediate treatment, and conditional release.

Alexander Maconochie.

A system allowing prisoners to earn marks through work and conduct, with accumulated marks influencing progression or release eligibility.

Zebulon Reed Brockway.

Individualized reform through education, work, discipline, and classification rather than confinement alone.

The Philippine government agency responsible for custody and rehabilitation of national prisoners under its statutory jurisdiction.

Republic Act No. 10575, the Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013.

The Philippine agency under the Department of the Interior and Local Government responsible for the administration and operation of district, city, and municipal jails within its jurisdiction.

Republic Act No. 6975, the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.

BuCor manages national correctional institutions and prisoners within its jurisdiction, while BJMP manages district, city, and municipal jails under its jurisdiction.

The Philippine agency responsible for supervising and assisting eligible probationers, parolees, and pardonees under applicable laws and regulations.

The Philippine body responsible for specified parole decisions and recommendations concerning executive clemency under applicable law.

Presidential Decree No. 968, as amended, including amendments under Republic Act No. 10707.

A court-granted disposition under which an eligible convicted offender is released subject to prescribed conditions and supervision instead of serving the imposed sentence in confinement.

Conditional release from imprisonment after an eligible prisoner has served the legally required portion of a sentence, subject to supervision and applicable conditions.

Probation is a judicial disposition generally granted instead of imprisonment, while parole is conditional release after part of a prison sentence has been served.

To protect public safety while maintaining secure and humane custody, respecting legal rights, promoting rehabilitation, and supporting successful reintegration.