section1_quizlet_flashcards

The Zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex secretes __________, which stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion.

The Zona fasciculata (ZF) secretes __________, a glucocorticoid that increases blood glucose and provides adaptation to stress.

The Zona reticularis (ZR) of the adrenal cortex secretes male __________.

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and __________ to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response.

Cushing's syndrome is an endocrine abnormality caused by __________ levels of glucocorticoids.

Addison's disease is an endocrine abnormality caused by __________ levels of glucocorticoids.

Thyroid follicles produce hormones derived from the protein precursor __________.

The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and __________, which is the more active of the two hormones.

The numbers 4 and 3 in T4 and T3 refer to the number of __________ atoms in these hormones.

Decreased amounts of T4 during early development can lead to __________, a form of severe cognitive and physical impairment.

Deficiency of T4 in adults is called __________, while overproduction of T4 is called hyperthyroidism.

Low levels of thyroid hormones remove negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, causing excess TSH secretion and thyroid enlargement known as a __________.

Calcitonin (CT) is produced by __________ cells located outside of the thyroid follicles.

Calcitonin acts to __________ blood Ca2+ levels by promoting deposition in bone and increasing kidney excretion.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by four parathyroid glands embedded in the back of the __________ gland.

PTH increases blood Ca2+ by inhibiting kidney excretion, stimulating bone breakdown, and increasing absorption in the small intestine via Vitamin __________.

Hormone-secreting cells in the endocrine pancreas are clustered within the __________ of Langerhans.

Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas secrete __________, which decreases blood glucose levels.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin __________.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by defective insulin receptors or post-receptor signaling, leading to insulin __________.

A hallmark metabolic symptom of Type I DM is the buildup of __________ in the blood (ketosis) and urine (ketonuria) from increased fat breakdown.

Alpha cells of the endocrine pancreas secrete __________, which raises blood glucose in response to low blood sugar during fasting.

Glucagon and insulin have __________ physiological effects on blood glucose regulation.

The pineal gland secretes __________, a hormone produced at night and inhibited by light.

Melatonin secretion is regulated by the __________ nuclei (SCN) via sympathetic neurons.

Melatonin is synthesized from the amino acid precursor __________.

Shift work and jet lag disrupt the timing and pattern of melatonin secretion, affecting 24-hour __________ rhythms.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is characterized by winter depression and __________ craving.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by the atria of the __________ in response to increased blood volume.

ANP acts on the kidneys to increase the excretion of __________ and water.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the __________ in response to decreased oxygen levels in the blood.

EPO acts on the __________ to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production.

White adipose tissue secretes __________, which acts as a metabolic signal to the brain to reduce appetite.

Skin produces Vitamin D3, which is derived from a form of __________.

The placenta secretes human __________ gonadotropin (hCG), which is measured clinically to confirm pregnancy.

Placental lactogen (PL) stimulates the growth and development of __________ glands for postpartum lactation.

An increase in blood osmolality triggers the posterior pituitary to release __________ (ADH), which targets the kidneys to decrease urine production.

Suckling or baby head pressure on the cervix triggers the posterior pituitary to release __________, causing uterine contractions and milk let-down.

High blood Ca2+ stimulates parafollicular cells to release calcitonin, which promotes Ca2+ deposition in __________.

Low blood Ca2+ stimulates the parathyroid gland to release __________, which increases Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys.

Decreased blood glucose stimulates alpha cells to release glucagon, which targets the liver, muscle, and __________ tissue.