3.2 photosynthesis JWO
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1
Where specifically does the light-dependent stage occur?
Thylakoid membranes (grana).
2
What is the role of accessory pigments?
To absorb light of different wavelengths and pass the energy to the reaction centre.
3
Define an action spectrum.
A graph showing the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.
4
What is the reaction centre pigment?
Chlorophyll a.
5
What are the products of the light-dependent stage?
ATP, reduced NADP, and oxygen.
6
Define photolysis.
The splitting of water using light energy: H₂O → 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ + ½O₂.
7
What is the role of Rubisco?
To catalyse the carboxylation of RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate).
8
Where does the light-independent stage occur?
The stroma of the chloroplast.
9
What is the first 3C compound in the Calvin cycle?
Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).
10
How is GP converted to Triose Phosphate (TP)?
Using ATP and reduced NADP from the light-dependent stage.
11
What happens to most of the Triose Phosphate?
It is used to regenerate RuBP (requires ATP).
12
Name three limiting factors of photosynthesis.
Light intensity, CO₂ concentration, and temperature.
13
What is the compensation point?
The light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of respiration.
14
Why is magnesium essential for photosynthesis?
It is the central ion in the chlorophyll molecule.
15
What are the signs of nitrogen deficiency in plants?
Stunted growth and chlorosis (yellowing) of older leaves.
16
What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
Electrons from PSI return to PSI via the ETC to produce ATP only.
17
What is the wavelength of light absorbed by PSII?
680 nm (P680).
18
How does high light intensity affect chloroplast arrangement?
They move to the side of the cell (perpendicular) to avoid damage.
19
What is the role of the antenna complex?
To harvest light energy and funnel it to the reaction centre.
20
From which molecule is glucose produced in the Calvin cycle?
Triose phosphate (TP).
21
Why does the Calvin cycle stop in the dark?
ATP and reduced NADP are no longer produced by the light-dependent stage.
22
How can GP be used by the plant?
To synthesise amino acids (with nitrates) and fatty acids.
23
What is the Z-scheme?
A flow chart representing non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
24
What is the function of NADP?
It is a coenzyme that acts as a final electron and hydrogen acceptor.
25
Why is CO₂ concentration usually the most common limiting factor?
Atmospheric CO₂ is low (approximately 0.04%).
26
What happens to Rubisco at very high temperatures?
It denatures, stopping the Calvin cycle.
27
Where are the photosynthetic pigments located?
In the thylakoid membranes.
28
Name an accessory pigment.
Chlorophyll b, carotene, or xanthophyll.
29
What is the source of electrons for PSII?
The photolysis of water.
30
What is the destination of the oxygen produced in photosynthesis?
It is used in respiration or diffuses out through the stomata.
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