Biological Molecules: DNA, mRNA, and Proteins
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1
(fig 4.1) is a drawing that represents molecules of DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA)
The mRNA molecule is shorter than the DNA molecule
State, using only the information in (fig 4.1), one other way to distinguish between DNa and mRNA (1)
The mRNA molecule is shorter than the DNA molecule
State, using only the information in (fig 4.1), one other way to distinguish between DNa and mRNA (1)
(m)RNA is single stranded / DNa is double stranded🧬
(m)RNA is non helical / DNA is helical
(m)RNA is non helical / DNA is helical
2
(fig 4.1) is a drawing that represents molecules of DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA)
The mRNA molecule is shorter than the DNA molecule
[State, using only the information in (fig 4.1), one other way to distinguish between DNa and mRNA (1)]
Give one further difference in structure between DNa and RNa (1)
The mRNA molecule is shorter than the DNA molecule
[State, using only the information in (fig 4.1), one other way to distinguish between DNa and mRNA (1)]
Give one further difference in structure between DNa and RNa (1)
- RNA contains ribose AND DNA contains deoxyribose
- RNA contains, uracil / U AND DNA contains, thymine / T;
- 3 / more than 1, forms of RNA
- RNA is, single stranded / non-helical, AND DNA is, double stranded / helical; (if not already awarded as answer in (i))
- RNA contains, uracil / U AND DNA contains, thymine / T;
- 3 / more than 1, forms of RNA
- RNA is, single stranded / non-helical, AND DNA is, double stranded / helical; (if not already awarded as answer in (i))
3
DNA and mRNA are both involved in protein synthesis. The mRNa molecule, carrying the code for protein, leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome is the site where a protein molecule is formed.
Complete the following statement:
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a protein is a ___
Complete the following statement:
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a protein is a ___
GENE
4
DNA and mRNA are both involved in protein synthesis. The mRNa molecule, carrying the code for protein, leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. The ribosome is the site where a protein molecule is formed.
Suggest why DNA is not able to leave the nucleus (1)
Suggest why DNA is not able to leave the nucleus (1)
- too big to / does not fit, through PORE (in nuclear envelope)*
5
Explain why the mRNA molecule is shorter than a DNA molecule (2)
idea that only copies one, gene / section / part (of DNA);
idea that DNA comprises many, genes / alleles;
idea that DNA comprises many, genes / alleles;
6
Enzymes are involved in the production of mRNA in eukaryotic cells. One enzyme is inhibited by the toxin, alpha amanitin
(fig 4.2) shows the effect when alpha amanitin attaches to this enzyme
Explain how alpha amanitin stops the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex during RNA production* (2)
(fig 4.2) shows the effect when alpha amanitin attaches to this enzyme
Explain how alpha amanitin stops the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex during RNA production* (2)
- NON-competitive (inhibitor);
- (alpha amanitin / inhibitor / toxin) fits into , allosteric site / a place other than active site ;*
- ACTIVE SITE changes, shape / configuration / conformation / structure;
- substrate, no longer fits / complementary to, ACTIVE SITE;
- (alpha amanitin / inhibitor / toxin) fits into , allosteric site / a place other than active site ;*
- ACTIVE SITE changes, shape / configuration / conformation / structure;
- substrate, no longer fits / complementary to, ACTIVE SITE;
7
The Roman emperor Claudius was poisoned by his wife Agrippina when she gave him death cap fungus to eat. He death cap fungus contains alpha amanitin.
Suggest how the toxin alpha amanitin au lead to the death of an organism (2)
Suggest how the toxin alpha amanitin au lead to the death of an organism (2)
- inhibits production of mRNA / mRNA not produced;
- prevents protein synthesis;
- eg of specific / named protein* / (vital) process, that may be affected;
- prevents protein synthesis;
- eg of specific / named protein* / (vital) process, that may be affected;
8
Enzymes are globular proteins with. specific three dimensional shape. The shape is determined by the primary structure
State the meaning of the term primary structure (1)
State the meaning of the term primary structure (1)
- sequence / order, of amino acids;
9
4c.ii. (fig 4.3) shows some of the chemical bonds that hold the tertiary structure of a protein together
Name the bonds labelled A B and C (3)
Name the bonds labelled A B and C (3)
A = ionic;*
B = hydrogen;*
C = DIsulfide (bonds / bridge);*
B = hydrogen;*
C = DIsulfide (bonds / bridge);*
10
When proteins are heated to a high temperature, their tertiary structure is disrupted
Explain how this occurs (3)
Explain how this occurs (3)
- increased KINETIC energy;
- (any part of protein molecule) vibrates;
- hydrophilic / hydrophobic / hydrogen* / ionic , bonds / interactions, break;
- change in, *3D* shape / conformation (of protein);
- DENATURes
- (any part of protein molecule) vibrates;
- hydrophilic / hydrophobic / hydrogen* / ionic , bonds / interactions, break;
- change in, *3D* shape / conformation (of protein);
- DENATURes
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