Respiratory Physiology and Mechanics
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1
What is Boyle’s law?
When volume increases, pressure decreases; when volume decreases, pressure increases.
2
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
It contracts and moves downward.
3
What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?
It increases.
4
What happens to pressure inside the lungs during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to enter.
5
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
It relaxes and moves upward.
6
What happens to thoracic volume during expiration?
It decreases.
7
What happens to pressure inside the lungs during expiration?
It increases, pushing air out.
8
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?
It reduces surface tension in the alveoli and helps prevent alveolar collapse.
9
What is lung compliance?
How easily the lungs expand.
10
What is elastic recoil?
The ability of the lungs to return to their original size after stretching.
11
What is airway resistance?
The opposition to airflow through the respiratory passages.
12
What is an obstructive lung disease?
A condition that makes it difficult to move air out of the lungs because of narrowed or obstructed airways.
13
What is a restrictive lung disease?
A condition that limits lung expansion.
14
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.
15
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
16
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration.
17
What is residual volume?
The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
18
What three factors affect the rate of gas diffusion?
Surface area, membrane thickness, and partial-pressure difference.
19
How does increased surface area affect gas diffusion?
It increases the rate of diffusion.
20
How does increased membrane thickness affect gas diffusion?
It decreases the rate of diffusion.
21
How does a greater partial-pressure difference affect gas diffusion?
It increases the rate of diffusion.
22
What is the formula for cardiac output?
\$CO = HR \times SV\$
23
What does cardiac output measure?
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.
24
What two major factors influence mean arterial pressure?
Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
25
What is preload?
The stretch of the heart muscle before it contracts.
26
What is contractility?
The strength of heart muscle contraction.
27
What is the plateau phase of a cardiac contractile cell action potential?
The phase that prolongs contraction and the refractory period.
28
What does sympathetic stimulation do to heart rate?
It increases heart rate.
29
What does sympathetic stimulation do to contractility?
It increases the strength of heart contractions.
30
What does parasympathetic stimulation do to heart rate?
It decreases heart rate.
31
What is vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of blood vessels, which increases resistance.
32
What is vasodilation?
Widening of blood vessels, which decreases resistance.
33
Where does most exchange between blood and body tissues occur?
In the capillaries.
34
What is the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?
\$CO = HR \times SV\$
35
What do red blood cells primarily do?
Transport oxygen.
36
What do white blood cells primarily do?
Defend the body against infection.
37
What is the function of platelets?
Help form platelet plugs during blood clotting.
38
What is the function of hemoglobin?
It binds and transports oxygen in red blood cells.
39
Why is iron important in hemoglobin?
Iron is part of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding structure.
40
What triggers the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Tissue factor released or exposed by damaged tissue.
41
What triggers the intrinsic coagulation pathway?
Contact activation within the blood.
42
What happens in the common coagulation pathway?
Reactions lead to the formation of fibrin.
43
What is fibrinolysis?
The breakdown of fibrin in a blood clot.
44
Where does oxygen move during gas exchange in the lungs?
From the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries.
45
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
46
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
As bicarbonate ions.
47
In which direction do gases diffuse?
From higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.
48
What protein carries most oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin.
49
Which brain structures help regulate breathing?
The medulla and pons.
50
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood.
51
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between systemic blood and body tissues.
52
How does increased carbon dioxide affect blood pH?
It tends to lower blood pH, making the blood more acidic.
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