Neurobiology: Structures and Systems of the Brain

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The brain and the spinal cord

The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Associated with emotion and memory formation

Fighting, Fleeing, Feeling, Fornicating, Feeding, and Formation

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalmus, and Cingulate Cortex

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the Midcingulate Cortex, the Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC), and the Retrosplenial Cortex.

Thermoregulation, hunger, thirst, hydration, sleep, and circadian rhythyms

Motor coordination and timing of motor events

Basic rythyms in the body, such as heart rate, respiration, and blood pressue

It acts as a conduit for sensory information to the brain and motor information from the brain

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Control involuntary bodily processes and maintain homeostasis

Control conscious, voluntary movements of the body and to transmit sensory information from the skin, sensory organs, and joints to the CNS

Send sensory information to the spinal cord

Send impulses away from the spinal cord to direct voluntary movement

It directs bodily functions during rest and repose

Prepares the body for fight or flight during emergency situations

Excitation, inhibition, and neuromodulation

Glutamate

GABA

Associated with motivation and movement

It is associated with consciousness and perception

It stimulates contraction of muscles at the neuromuscular junction

Acts as the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system

Serves as an integration center for coordinating senses, consciousness, alertness, and sleep

Excitation brings a neuron closer to firing threshold, while inhibition takes it further away

It modifies how a neuron responds to excitation or inhibition

Drives higher cognitive processing, sensory perception, and homeostasis

Cerebrum, Thalmus, Hypothalmus, Limbic System

Major pathway and control center for vision, hearing, motor control, and alertness

The top part of the brainstem, split into the tectum, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles

Controls essential bodily functions like breathing, heart rate, balance, and motor coordination

The medulla oblongata, the pons, the cerebellum, and the reticular formation