Muscular System
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4 Muscle Functions
Movement, posture, body heat, other body systems
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skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary
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Smooth Muscle
involuntary, digestive system
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Cardiac Muscle
heart, striated, involuntary
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Muscles are composed of _______
Fibers
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Fascicles
Bundles of fibers
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Myocytes
Contain the fascicles
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Epimysium
Muscle tissue that surrounds the outermost layer of the muscle
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Perimysium
Muscle tissue that separates and surrounds fascicles
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Endomysium
muscle tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
muscle fiber membrane
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Sarcoplasm
inner material surrounding fibers
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Transport
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Myofibrils
Individual parallel muscle fibers within sarcoplasm
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2 Types of myofibrils
Actin and Myosin
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Actin
Thin filaments
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Myosin
Thick filaments
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A band
Dark and thick (myosin)
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I band
Light and thin (actin)
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Neuromuscular Junction
Signals between a muscles and nerves where the muscle and nerves meet
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Motor End Plate
Folded area where muscle and neurons communicate
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Synapse
Gap between the neuron and motor end plate
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Synaptic Vesicles
Where neurotransmitters are stored
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Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that crosses the gap and is stored in the vesicles (broken down by Cholinesterase)
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Sliding Filament Theory
The contraction of a muscle occurs as the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments
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Creatine phosphate
Increases regeneration of ATP
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Muscle Fatigue
Muscle loses the ability to contract after prolonged use
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Muscle Cramp
A sustained, involuntary contraction
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Oxygen Debt
Not enough oxygen causes lactic acid to accumulate in the muscle
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Atrophy
Muscles become small and weak due to disuse
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Hypertrophy
Muscles Enlarge
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Rigor Mortis
joints stiffen
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Tetanus
Cholinesterase can’t break down acetylcholine, muscles contract uncontrollably
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Myotonia
Delayed relaxation of the muscle
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myasthenia Gravis
Autoimmune disease, acetylcholine receptors are damaged
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Amytriphuc Lateral Sclerosis
Neurogenetive disease, motor nerves degenerate
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Muscular Dystrophy
Weakening of the muscles
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Strychnine
Muscle contractions have lowered activation potential
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Curare
Neuromuscular blocking agent, competes with acetylcholine
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