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1
Vacuum tubes were used in which computer generation?
1st Generation
2
What concept was first implemented in the IAS computer?
Stored-program concept
3
Stored-program concept means what?
Instructions + data stored in same memory
4
Main function of the ALU?
Operates on binary data
5
Function of the Control Unit?
Interprets instructions, directs execution
6
Main registers in early computers?
AC, MAR, MBR, PC, IR, IBR
7
What replaced vacuum tubes in 2nd generation?
Transistors
8
Why better than vacuum tubes?
Smaller, cheaper, less heat, more reliable
9
Example of 2nd gen computer?
IBM 7094
10
What is a data channel?
Independent I/O module with processor & instruction set
11
Function of multiplexor?
Schedules memory access between CPU & channels
12
What defined the 3rd generation?
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
13
Basic elements of a digital computer?
Gates + memory cells
14
Function of a gate?
Implements Boolean logic
15
Function of a memory cell?
Stores 1 bit (two stable states)
16
What defined the 4th generation?
Microprocessors
17
First microprocessor?
Intel 4004
18
Year of Intel 4004?
1971
19
Unique about 4004?
First CPU on one chip
20
Examples of later Intel processors?
8008, 8080, 8086, 8088
21
Trend in microprocessors?
More transistors, faster, wider bus, more memory
22
What is an embedded system?
Electronics + software inside a product (not PC)
23
Examples of embedded systems?
Phones, cameras, microwaves, printers, cars, security
24
Main parts of embedded system?
Processor, memory, sensors, actuators, A/D, D/A, I/O ports
25
• Microprocessor = CPU only, external memory & I/O
• Microcontroller = CPU + memory + I/O on one chip
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller?
• Microprocessor = CPU only, external memory & I/O
• Microcontroller = CPU + memory + I/O on one chip
26
Examples of microprocessors?
Intel i9, AMD Ryzen
27
Examples of microcontrollers?
Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico
28
Computer organization refers to what?
How units + interconnections implement architecture
29
Why important?
Explains how hardware executes instructions
30
Technique for overlapping instruction execution?
Pipelining
31
CPU feature that guesses program path?
Branch Prediction
32
How branch prediction improves performance?
Prefetches instructions, avoids stalls
33
Device converting energy form?
Transducer
34
Examples of transducers?
Mic, speaker, thermometer, solar cell
35
Elements of transduction?
Input energy, output energy, transduction process
36
Device detecting phenomenon into measurable signal?
Sensor
37
Examples of sensors?
Temp, light, pressure, motion, gas, humidity
38
• Sensor = detects directly
• Transducer = converts energy (may or may not be sensor)
Sensor vs Transducer?
• Sensor = detects directly
• Transducer = converts energy (may or may not be sensor)
39
All sensors are transducers, all transducers sensors?
False → only “all sensors are transducers” is true
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