Redox Reactions and ATP in the Cell
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Oxidation
Loss of electrons or hydrogen; may release energy.
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Reduction
Gain of electrons or hydrogen; stores energy.
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Redox Reaction
Paired oxidation-reduction process transferring energy.
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Electron Carrier
Molecule transporting electrons (NAD⁺/NADH, FAD/FADH₂).
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NAD⁺ / NADH Function
NAD⁺ accepts electrons → NADH donates them to ETC.
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FAD / FADH₂
Electron carrier similar to NAD⁺ but yields slightly less ATP.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Main cellular energy currency with high-energy phosphate bonds.
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ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
Product after ATP hydrolysis; can be re-phosphorylated.
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ATP Hydrolysis
ATP → ADP + Pi + energy (exergonic).
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Phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate to a molecule to activate or store energy.
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Enzyme directly transfers phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
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Chemiosmosis
Use of proton gradient across membrane to synthesize ATP via ATP synthase.
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Coupled Reactions
Energy from one reaction drives another.
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Free Energy Change (ΔG)
Indicates if reaction is spontaneous or requires energy.
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