unit 4 alkenes and alkynes
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unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
alkenes
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general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
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unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds
alkynes
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general formula of alkynes
CnH(2n-2)
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what do you call alkenes with more than one double bond
alkadienes, butadeines, propadeines
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only attractive forces between the molecules of alkenes and alkynes
london dispersion forces
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speeds up (usually Pd) the rate of reaction
catalyst
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addition of H2 to an alkene
hydrogenation
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addition of X2 ( Cl2 / Br2) to an alkene
halogenation
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type of reaction that does not require a catalyst
halogenation
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product of halogenation
dihalide
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product of hydrogenation
alkane
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addition of HX (HCl / HBr) to alkene
hydrohalogenation
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states that the H atom of H-X will bond to the less substituted C atom in the C=C double bond.
Markovnikov's rule
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Addition of water to an alkene
Hydration
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what does hydration require
strong acid, H2SO4
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product formed by hydration
alcohol
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refers to the class of compound that has a six-membered ring with three double bonds
aromatic (benzene ring)
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a hydrocarbon that contains one or more benzene-likek rings
aromatic compound
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a term used to describe aromatic compounds
arene
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who developed the theory of resonance, that provided the first adequate description of the structure of benzene
Linus Pauling
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the substituent group derived by removal of an H from benzene
Phenyl Group (C6H5)
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2 substituents: 1,2
ortho- / o
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1,3
meta- / m
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1,4
para- / p
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Benzene + CH3
toluene
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benzene + OCH3
anisole
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benzene + OH
phenol
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benzen + COOH
Benzoic Acid
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a hydrocarbon that contains two or more benzene rings, with each pair of rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms
PAHs Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
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Reactions of Benzene
Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation
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-OH group bonded to a benzene ring
phenol
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characteristic of phenol
weak acids, insoluble inn water,
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