Pediatric Respiratory Medicine: Cough and Noisy Breathing
Réviser ces flashcardsGratuit · répétition espacée · iPhone, Android, Mac et web
Toutes les cartes
1
What are the three phases of a cough?
Deep inspiration, glottic closure, and sudden glottic opening.
2
Which nerve can trigger coughing when the ear canal is stimulated?
Arnold’s nerve, an auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
3
How often do healthy children cough each day, on average?
About 11 times per day.
4
How many respiratory infections per year are common in children under five?
About 6–8 infections.
5
Which conditions are associated with a paroxysmal cough?
Pertussis, cystic fibrosis, and foreign body aspiration.
6
Which infection is classically associated with a staccato cough in infants?
Chlamydia infection.
7
Which condition is associated with a wheezy or tight cough?
Asthma.
8
What conditions commonly cause nocturnal cough?
Asthma, postnasal drip, and allergy.
9
What cough pattern is characteristic of bronchiectasis?
A productive cough, often prominent in the early morning.
10
Which type of cough often disappears during sleep?
Habit cough.
11
What is the most common cause of noisy breathing in young infants?
Laryngomalacia.
12
What is laryngomalacia?
Dynamic collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration.
13
Does yellow or green sputum alone prove bacterial infection?
No; sputum color alone does not establish bacterial infection.
14
What contributes to the yellow-green color of sputum?
Myeloperoxidase released from leukocytes.
15
What do infants usually do with respiratory secretions rather than expectorate them?
They swallow them.
16
What is wheezing?
A continuous musical breath sound associated with narrowed airways.
17
What is stridor?
A high-pitched sound caused by upper airway obstruction.
18
Where is the obstruction usually located in inspiratory stridor?
The supraglottic or glottic region.
19
Where is the obstruction often located in biphasic stridor?
The subglottic region.
20
What is stertor?
A low-pitched noisy breathing sound from nasal, nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal obstruction.
21
What does grunting in a child suggest?
Respiratory distress; it can occur in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
22
Where is central cyanosis best recognized?
On the tongue and mucous membranes.
23
What is the most common origin of chest pain in adolescents?
Musculoskeletal causes.
24
Which associated symptom raises concern for cardiac chest pain?
Syncope.
25
What is a common cause of hemoptysis in children?
Acute lower respiratory infection, often pneumonia.
26
What does unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge suggest?
A nasal foreign body.
27
What do intercostal retractions indicate?
Increased work of breathing or respiratory distress.
28
What is trepopnea?
Dyspnea that varies with lateral body position.
29
What are crackles?
Brief, discontinuous, nonmusical breath sounds.
30
What early vital-sign changes can accompany hypoxia?
Tachypnea and tachycardia.
31
What neurological changes can accompany hypercarbia?
Confusion and drowsiness.
32
Which household exposure increases a child’s risk of respiratory infection?
Parental smoking.
33
Which structures make up the upper respiratory tract?
The nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, and larynx.
34
Which structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
The trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
35
What does the eustachian tube connect?
The nasopharynx and the middle ear.
36
Why are young children prone to otitis media?
Their eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, facilitating movement of secretions.
37
What is the most common viral cause of the common cold?
Rhinovirus.
38
What are the characteristic symptoms of the common cold?
Rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction with mild systemic symptoms.
39
How is the common cold transmitted?
Through direct contact and respiratory particles.
40
What is the mainstay of common cold treatment?
Supportive and symptomatic care.
41
What is rhinitis medicamentosa?
Rebound nasal congestion from prolonged use of topical nasal decongestants.
42
What are common complications of a cold in children?
Otitis media, sinusitis, and asthma exacerbation.
43
Which paranasal sinuses are present at birth?
The maxillary and ethmoid sinuses.
44
At what age do frontal sinuses become apparent according to the lecture?
About 7–8 years.
45
What organisms commonly cause acute bacterial sinusitis in children?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.
46
What persistent symptom pattern suggests acute bacterial sinusitis?
Nasal discharge or daytime cough lasting more than 10 days without improvement.
47
What severe initial presentation suggests acute bacterial sinusitis?
High fever with purulent nasal discharge for at least 3 consecutive days.
48
How is uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis generally diagnosed?
Clinically, from the history and examination.
49
What first-line antibiotic for bacterial sinusitis is named in the lecture?
Amoxicillin; actual selection depends on current local guidance.
50
Which sinus is commonly associated with orbital complications of sinusitis?
The ethmoid sinus.
51
What is Pott’s puffy tumor?
Frontal bone osteomyelitis with an associated subperiosteal abscess.
52
What serious intracranial complications can sinusitis cause?
Meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and intracranial abscess or empyema.
53
What is the most common overall cause of pediatric pharyngitis?
Viruses.
54
Which bacterial pathogen is important in pediatric pharyngitis because of its complications?
Group A Streptococcus.
55
What features favor viral rather than streptococcal pharyngitis?
Cough, rhinorrhea, hoarseness, conjunctivitis, or oral ulcers.
56
Which virus is associated with pharyngoconjunctival fever?
Adenovirus.
57
Which virus is associated with herpangina?
Coxsackievirus.
58
Which virus causes infectious mononucleosis with fatigue and lymphadenopathy?
Epstein–Barr virus.
59
What clinical pattern suggests streptococcal pharyngitis?
Sudden sore throat and fever with tonsillar inflammation and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy.
60
Does tonsillar exudate alone prove streptococcal infection?
No; viral infections can also cause tonsillar exudate.
61
What is the reference standard for confirming group A streptococcal pharyngitis?
Throat culture.
62
What should follow a negative rapid antigen test in a symptomatic child when group A strep is suspected?
A confirmatory throat culture.
63
What is a first-line antibiotic for confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis?
Penicillin; amoxicillin is also commonly used.
64
How long is penicillin treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis typically given?
10 days.
65
What nonsuppurative complications can follow group A streptococcal pharyngitis?
Acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
66
What is a peritonsillar abscess also called?
Quinsy.
67
What finding suggests a peritonsillar abscess?
Asymmetric peritonsillar swelling, often with uvular deviation.
68
What major functional problems may indicate tonsillectomy?
Obstruction of breathing or swallowing, including obstructive sleep apnea.
69
What is acute otitis media?
An acute infection of the middle ear with effusion and signs of inflammation.
70
What is otitis media with effusion?
Middle-ear fluid without signs or symptoms of acute infection.
71
What otoscopic finding strongly supports acute otitis media?
A bulging tympanic membrane with middle-ear effusion.
72
What antibiotic is commonly first-line for acute otitis media when antibiotics are indicated?
Amoxicillin.
73
What is the characteristic finding in otitis externa?
Marked ear pain when the pinna or tragus is manipulated.
74
What is the most common pathogen associated with otitis externa in the lecture?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
75
What is the most prominent symptom of acute infectious laryngitis?
Hoarseness.
76
What pattern is characteristic of spasmodic croup?
Sudden nighttime barking cough and stridor, often without a preceding infectious prodrome.
77
What symptoms strongly suggest acute epiglottitis?
Fever, drooling, dysphagia, stridor, and a tripod posture.
78
What is the first priority in suspected epiglottitis?
Urgent controlled airway management by an experienced team.
79
Why should the throat not be forcibly examined in suspected epiglottitis?
Agitation or examination can precipitate complete airway obstruction.
80
What lateral neck radiograph finding is associated with epiglottitis?
The thumb sign.
Plus de flashcards : Médecine et santé
Motoneuron-sygdomme: Amyotrofisk lateral sklerose (ALS)Médecine et santé · DanoisTobiasU2L1 La hora y el horarioMédecine et santé · Espagnolun étudiant OutLearnPharmacology: Key Drugs and Clinical TreatmentsMédecine et santé · AnglaishikaruPharmacology: Brand and Generic Names (1-51)Médecine et santé · LatinjoshywoshyOpioid-Related DisordersMédecine et santé · AnglaisCoryRenal Assessment and Lab TestsMédecine et santé · AnglaisEshaexam retake week 1Médecine et santé · AnglaiskjImmunology: Adaptive Immunity and ImmunoglobulinsMédecine et santé · AnglaisDanielaAtropina, pralidoxima, pseudoefedrinaMédecine et santé · EspagnolLAURAThalassaemia and Sickle Cell AnaemiaMédecine et santé · AnglaisfaithUnit 9 - AnnelidsMédecine et santé · AnglaisEmanHypothyreosis: ThyreoditisekMédecine et santé · HongroisRitike
Tous les decks : Médecine et santé
Révise ces decks dans l’app
Gratuit sur iPhone, Android, Mac et le web. Ajoute n’importe quel deck à ton compte en un tap.
