Ions & Covalent Bonds
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1
Ionisation
Gaining or losing electrons
2
Ion
an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons
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Cation
Positive ion (lost electrons)
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Anion
Negative ion (gained electrons)
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Neutral atom
Same protons & electrons
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Gain electrons
Becomes negative
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Lose electrons
Becomes positive
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Oxide charge
-2
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Calcium charge
+2
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Ionic charge
Protons − electrons
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Ionic bond
Opposite ions attract
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High melting (ionic)
Strong bonds
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Polyatomic ion
Many atoms, 1 charge
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Example polyatomic
OH⁻
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Covalent bond
Share electrons
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What substances usually are covalent?
Non-metals
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Why covalent?
Full shell
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Single bond
Share 1 pair
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Double bond
Share 2 pairs
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Triple bond
Share 3 pairs
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Single bond example
H₂
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Double bond example
O₂
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Triple bond example
N₂
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Ionic vs covalent
Transfer vs share
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Covalent state
Gas or soft solid
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Covalent conduct?
No
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Covalent strength
Weak forces
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