4.16 Organic Synthesis ✓

1) round-bottom or pear shaped flask
2) reciever
3) screw-tap adaptor
4) condenser
5) still head

to provide energy needed for reaction to take place without boiling off solvent, reactants or products or letting volatile components escape

inlet of condenser to tap and outlet to sink

enters at bottom leaves at top to ensure outer jacket is full

water bath

add to liquid before flask heated so contents boil smoothly

large bubble form at bottom of liquid making glassware vibrate and jump

thin layer applied to ground-glass joint on condenser

-to prevent glass joints from sticking together/ fusing making them easier to later remove
-to create good seal

gently rotate condenser back and forth when placing in flask

glass outer jacket very fragile and easily broken

creates closed system where pressure builds up due to heated air expanded resulting in explosion

lowest boiling point (most volatile)

add water and layer that doesnt get bigger is organic layer

1) ensure tap is closed
2) pour mixture into separating funnel and place stopper and invert to mix
3) allow layers to settle
4) add water to identify organic layer
5) place flask under funnel, remove stopper and open tap until lower layer is removed
6) place second flask under funnel to collect other layer

remove acid impurities

to avoid pressure build up

separating funnel

add drying agent (anhydrous inorganic salt)

1) add organic liquid to conical flask
2) use spatula to add drying agent and gently swirl to mix
3) place stopper to prevent product evaporating, leave for 10 min
4) add more drying agent until solid dispersed in solution as fine powder
5) decant liquid from solid into another flask. Liquid should be dry

purify further/ to only collect product with boiling point of compound aimed to make

preparation of complex molecules from simple starting materials

compound chemist is attempting to prepare by organic synthesis