Input/Output

<iostream>

Sets a new value for the stream's internal error state flags.
The current value of the flags is overwritten: All bits are replaced by those in state; If state is goodbit (which is zero) all error flags are cleared.

Extracts characters from the input sequence and discards them, until either n characters have been extracted, or one compares equal to delim.

In C++, stream classes implement operator bool() which allows them to be implicitly converted to a boolean. This boolean indicates whether the streams are in a good or bad state.

decimal

Hex and Hex uppercase

float

scientific notation

Scientific notation uppercase

character

string of characters

pointer adress

stores the number of characters at a pointer in a signed int

left justify

shows sign of numbers

Shows 0x or 0X before hex values and forces decimal point on numbers

Left pads with zeros instead of spaces

%[flags][width][.precision]specifier

width is stored in variable section

endl, fixed, showpoint

setw(), setprecision(), scientific, hex, dec, setfill(' '), left, right

setw()

if (!cin)

cin.clear() - clears error messages

cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n'), #include <limits>

!cin.good()

scanf("%[flags][width][.precision]specifier", specifier_data_type)

#include <cstdio.h>