Organic Chemistry top facts

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

Refinery gases
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Bitumen

The oil is heated at a very high temperature until most of it has turned into gas and these gases enter a fractionating column
In the column there is a temperature gradient and when the substances that make up crude oil reach a part of the column where the temperature is lower than their boiling point, they condense
Longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points so shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points

Used in domestic heating and cooking

Used as fuel in cars

Used as aeroplane fuel

Used as fuel in some cars and larger vehicles (such as trains)

Used as a fuel in large ships and some power stations

Used to surface roads

600-700 degrees C
silica or alumina used as a catalyst

Saturated hydrocarbons
Chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of UV light (substitution reaction)
methane + bromine -> bromomethane + hydrogen bromide

Unsaturated hydrocarbons beacuse they contain a double C=C bond
Halogens react with alkenes to make haloalkanes (addition reaction)
bromine + ethene -> dibromoethane
Used to test for alkenes as when you shake them with orange bromine water, the solution goes colourless

Forms carboxylic acids (ethanol -> ethanoic acid)
Needs an oxidising agent of potassium dichromate (VI) in dilute sulfuric acid

ethene reacted with steam
addition reaction
needs a temperature of 300 degrees and a pressure of 60-70 atm
phosphoric acid used as a catalyst
cheap process but crude oil is a non-renewable resource

Sugar is converted into ethanol using yeast (which is the catalyst)
needs a temperature of 30 degrees
ethanol produced is not very pure but all the raw materials are renewable resources

made from unsaturated monomers
most are inert (as the carbon-carbon bonds in the polymer chain are very strong and are not easily broken)
takes a really long time for them to biodegrade

biodegradable so will decompose and do not stay in landfill for a long time