3.3.8 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

C=O
Form trigonal planar shape with 3 bonds in total

The larger carbon chain = less soluble

You only add position number of carbonyl group in ketone from pentan and onward eg pentan-2-one
carbonyl groups (such as in aldehydes/ketones/carboxylic acid) always given smallest number possible

Aldehydes can readily be oxidised to form Carboxylic acids while Ketones DONT
So Cu2+ in fehling get reduced and form brick red precipitaite while aldehyde gets oxidised

1)H- attacks (partially positive) C+ and C=O turns into C-O and lone pair goes to O-
2)Lone pair on O- forms bond with H+ to form OH

Reagent: Reducing agents eg NaBH4/LiAlH4(aq). H- source
Products : primary/secondary alcohol

2[H] one from H- and one from H+

1) :$^-$CN attacks (partially positive) C+ and C=O turns into C-O and lone pair goes to O-
2) Lone pair on O- forms bond with H+ to form OH

Reagents: potassium/sodium cyanide THEN HCL
product: hydroxynitrile

Its toxic and produces organic products
HCN could be replacement to use as it also doesnt need acid
BUT KCN is ionic so gives more [CN] and HCN is gas so harder to store