Terrorism and Violent Extremism (Criminology)

The use or threat of serious violence or other prohibited acts to intimidate populations or coerce governments or institutions for political, ideological, or related objectives, subject to applicable legal definitions.

Terrorism involves an additional coercive or intimidating purpose directed toward a broader audience or political or ideological objective, rather than violence alone.

The support for, justification of, or participation in serious violence to advance extreme ideological, political, or related objectives.

No. Belief, dissent, or peaceful advocacy alone does not establish terrorism; applicable legal elements involving prohibited conduct must be satisfied.

A process through which individuals adopt increasingly extreme beliefs or commitments, sometimes but not necessarily leading to support for violence.

A process through which a person develops willingness or commitment to use, support, or facilitate violence for ideological or political objectives.

People may hold radical views without committing or supporting terrorist violence, and pathways from belief to violence are neither automatic nor uniform.

The use of political, religious, nationalist, or other belief systems to justify or motivate violent conduct.

The process of using perceived injustices, threats, or collective grievances to encourage participation in a movement or cause.

The tendency for group discussion or interaction under certain conditions to strengthen members' preexisting positions toward more extreme views.

A communication environment where reinforcing messages dominate and opposing information is limited, potentially intensifying group beliefs.

A strong sense of unity between personal identity and a group that may increase willingness to make extreme sacrifices for the group.

A framework distinguishing pressures that may push individuals toward involvement from attractions or incentives that may pull them toward a group.

A circumstance such as perceived exclusion, insecurity, or grievance that may contribute to vulnerability, without independently determining violent behavior.

A perceived attraction such as belonging, status, purpose, protection, or material support offered by a group.

Terrorist involvement has multiple interacting pathways, and poverty by itself neither establishes intent nor reliably identifies offenders.

The influence of interpersonal relationships and group connections on exposure to ideas, recruitment opportunities, and behavioral commitments.

Digital communication intended to promote, justify, or encourage extremist ideologies, organizations, or violent activities.

The process of attracting or persuading individuals to join, support, or participate in an extremist organization or cause.

The collection, provision, or movement of funds or other financial resources for terrorist acts or organizations under applicable legal definitions.

Republic Act No. 10168, the Terrorism Financing Prevention and Suppression Act of 2012.

Republic Act No. 11479, the principal Philippine statute defining and penalizing specified terrorism-related conduct and establishing counterterrorism mechanisms.

Republic Act No. 9372, the Human Security Act of 2007.

A Philippine interagency body assigned statutory counterterrorism policy, coordination, and designation-related functions.

The specified conduct must be undertaken for a statutory purpose such as intimidating the public, creating a public emergency, or coercing government or an international organization.

No. The statute excludes qualifying advocacy, protest, dissent, and similar civil or political rights activities, subject to its stated statutory conditions.

A formal process by which authorized authorities identify persons or entities under applicable terrorism-related designation rules.

A judicial process for declaring an organization, association, or group of persons as terrorist under the conditions established by law.

Designation generally involves an authorized administrative or sanctions-related process, while proscription is a judicial declaration under applicable law.

Measures intended to prevent, investigate, disrupt, prosecute, and respond to terrorism while complying with applicable law and human rights protections.

A preventive approach addressing conditions, recruitment processes, and social dynamics associated with movement toward ideologically motivated violence.

Policies and interventions intended to reduce support for or participation in extremist violence through prevention, engagement, and related nonmilitary measures.

Coordination among government, civil society, educational institutions, families, communities, and other stakeholders to reduce risks and strengthen resilience.

The capacity of communities to resist recruitment into violence, manage grievances peacefully, and maintain supportive social relationships.

The process of reducing or ending participation in violent extremist activities, whether or not ideological beliefs change.

A process intended to change beliefs or attitudes supporting extremist violence, distinct from merely stopping violent participation.

Disengagement concerns behavior and participation; deradicalization concerns beliefs and attitudes supporting violence.

Structured support addressing behavioral, psychological, educational, social, or practical needs to reduce the risk of renewed violence.

The process of supporting safe, lawful participation in family, community, education, employment, and civic life after disengagement.

The commission of further offenses after a previous terrorism-related offense or intervention, measured using clearly defined criteria and follow-up periods.

A method combining defined evidence-based risk considerations with documented professional assessment rather than relying solely on an automatic numerical score.

Group identity alone does not establish violent intent and can produce discrimination, false suspicion, and loss of community trust.

The requirement that state measures and restrictions be appropriately limited in relation to lawful objectives and applicable legal standards.

It protects lawful rights and ensures that detention, prosecution, and other state actions follow applicable procedural and evidentiary requirements.

No. Peaceful expression or dissent does not by itself satisfy the legal elements of terrorism.

Behavioral disengagement without necessarily achieving deradicalization.

Pull factors associated with extremist recruitment.

Republic Act No. 10168, subject to the applicable statutory elements and related laws.

A community-based, multi-component approach to preventing violent extremism.

Prevent and respond to actual threats of violence using lawful, evidence-informed, proportionate measures while protecting fundamental rights and avoiding discriminatory assumptions.