Aviation Meteorology
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1
What are the four main cloud forms?
Cirriform, Nimbiform, Cumuliform, and Stratiform\
2
What characterizes cirriform clouds?
Thin, white clouds above 20,000 ft.\
3
What characterizes nimbiform clouds?
Rain clouds; precipitation begins and the cloud base lowers.\
4
What characterizes cumuliform clouds?
Puffy, cotton-like clouds with vertical air movement and thermal uplift.\
5
How high can cumuliform clouds extend?
Above 60,000 ft.\
6
What characterizes stratiform clouds?
Flat, blanket-like clouds that produce dull weather and sometimes fog.\
7
What are high cloud altitudes in polar regions?
10,000–25,000 ft.\
8
What are high cloud altitudes in temperate regions?
16,500–40,000 ft.\
9
What are high cloud altitudes in tropical regions?
20,000–60,000 ft.\
10
What are middle cloud altitudes in polar regions?
6,500–13,000 ft.\
11
What are middle cloud altitudes in temperate regions?
6,500–23,000 ft.\
12
What are middle cloud altitudes in tropical regions?
6,500–25,000 ft.\
13
What are low cloud altitudes in all regions?
Surface to 6,500 ft.\
14
What are the four common sources of vertical motion?
Orographic lift, frictional effects, frontal lift, and buoyancy.\
15
What is orographic lift?
Air is forced upward by mountains, expands, cools, and may produce clouds and precipitation.\
16
What is frictional convergence?
Surface winds move toward low pressure, forcing air upward and creating clouds.\
17
What is frictional divergence?
Air moves away from high pressure, producing sinking air and generally no clouds.\
18
What is frontal lift?
Cold, dense air moves underneath warm air, forcing it upward.\
19
What is buoyancy?
Uneven surface heating causes warm, less dense air to rise and cooler, denser air to sink.\
20
What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate?
Approximately 3°C per 1,000 ft.\
21
What is the saturated adiabatic lapse rate?
Approximately 1.2–3°C per 1,000 ft.\
22
What is the dew point lapse rate?
-0.5°C per 1,000 ft.\
23
What are the four atmospheric stability types?
Absolute stability, neutral stability, absolute instability, and conditional instability.\
24
What is absolute stability?
Environmental lapse rate is less than the moist lapse rate.\
25
What is neutral stability?
A lifted air parcel has the same temperature as its surroundings.\
26
What is absolute instability?
The opposite of absolute stability.\
27
What is conditional instability?
Environmental lapse rate falls between the moist and dry lapse rates.\
28
What does CAPE stand for?
Convective Available Potential Energy.\
29
What does CAPE measure?
Energy available to an ascending air parcel for convection.\
30
How does warm air at the bottom affect atmospheric stability?
It decreases stability.\
31
How does cold air at the bottom affect atmospheric stability?
It increases stability.\
32
How does warm air at the top affect atmospheric stability?
It increases stability.\
33
What is the Level of Free Convection (LFC)?
The altitude where a saturated air parcel becomes warmer than its environment and rises independently.\
34
What does the Lifted Index (LI) measure?
The temperature difference between a lifted air parcel and its surroundings.\
35
What does a positive Lifted Index indicate?
A stable atmosphere.\
36
What does a negative Lifted Index indicate?
An unstable atmosphere.\
37
What does a zero Lifted Index indicate?
A neutral atmosphere.\
38
What is convection?
Transportation of heat and moisture through the atmosphere.\
39
What are the five types of convection?
Dry, moist, surface-based, elevated, and popcorn convection.\
40
What are the five main types of precipitation?
Snow, ice pellets, freezing rain, rain, and hail.\
41
How does snow form?
The temperature remains below freezing throughout the atmosphere.\
42
How do ice pellets form?
Snow partially melts in a warm layer and refreezes in a cooler layer.\
43
How does freezing rain form?
Snow melts completely in a deep warm layer, then freezes upon contact with objects.\
44
How does rain form?
Precipitation passes through a deep or entire warm layer.\
45
How does hail form?
Thunderstorm updrafts carry water droplets through freezing layers until they become too heavy.\
46
What three ingredients are necessary for precipitation?
Water vapor, sufficient lift, and a precipitation growth process.\
47
What are the two precipitation growth processes?
Collision-coalescence and the ice crystal process.\
48
What is collision-coalescence?
Water droplets collide and combine until they become too heavy and fall.\
49
What is the ice crystal process?
Water vapor deposits onto ice crystals, causing them to grow and fall as rain or ice.\
50
How does weather radar detect precipitation?
It transmits electromagnetic energy that strikes particles and scatters back.\
51
What is a radar ghost?
A diffused radar echo in apparently clear air.\
52
What is radar overshooting?
The radar beam passes above precipitation, causing it to go undetected.\
53
What is radar undershooting?
Precipitation is located above the lowest radar beam and goes undetected.\
54
What is the typical wavelength of aircraft radar?
Approximately 3 cm.\
55
What is the typical wavelength of WSR-88D radar?
Approximately 10 cm.\
56
What is precipitation attenuation?
Radar energy is absorbed or scattered by precipitation particles.\
57
What are the three types of radar refraction?
Normal refraction, subrefraction, and superrefraction.\
58
What is normal refraction?
The radar beam bends slightly toward Earth's surface under normal atmospheric density changes.\
59
What is subrefraction?
The beam bends less than normal and travels higher because atmospheric density decreases faster with height.\
60
What is superrefraction?
The radar beam bends more than normal toward Earth.\
61
What are four radar characteristics of convective precipitation?
Echo lines or cells, strong reflectivity gradients, moderate-to-extreme intensity, and rapidly changing echo patterns.\
62
What does superrefraction cause?
False echoes, anomalous propagation (AP), and detection of stronger storm cores.\
63
What does subrefraction cause?
Missed precipitation and radar overshooting.\
64
What are atmospheric gravity waves?
Waves that develop when stable air is forced vertically by an obstacle and gravity pulls it back down.\
65
Where do persistent horizontal roll vortices form?
Near or below ridge level on the downwind side of mountains.\
66
What is a Bora?
A strong, cold downslope wind flowing from higher terrain to lower elevations.\
67
What is a dust devil?
A rotating column of dust and air.\
68
What causes dust devil formation?
Strong surface heating pushes hot air quickly through cooler air.\
69
What happens during dust devil rotation?
Air enters a rising air pocket, begins rotating and expanding, and picks up dust.\
70
What causes a dust devil to dissipate?
Its warm air supply runs out.\
71
What causes Kelvin-Helmholtz waves?
Strong wind shear overcomes atmospheric stabilizing effects.\
72
What does ITCZ stand for?
Intertropical Convergence Zone.\
73
What is the ITCZ?
A band near the Equator where trade winds converge and force air upward, creating rain and thunderstorms.\
74
What are trade winds?
Winds blowing from subtropical high pressure toward the Equator.\
75
Which direction do trade winds blow in the Northern Hemisphere?
From the northeast.\
76
Which direction do trade winds blow in the Southern Hemisphere?
From the southeast.\
77
What is a trade wind inversion?
A cap that limits vertical cloud development.\
78
Where are trade wind inversions strongest?
Away from the west coast.\
79
Where are trade wind inversions weakest?
Onshore toward the east coast.\
80
What are the three tropical cyclone classifications?
Tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane.\
81
What wind speed defines a tropical depression?
Less than 34 knots.\
82
What wind speed defines a tropical storm?
35–64 knots.\
83
What wind speed defines a hurricane?
65 knots or greater.\
84
What does the Saffir-Simpson Scale measure?
Hurricane classification by sustained wind speed and potential damage.\
85
What are the primary prerequisites for tropical cyclone development?
Optimum sea surface temperature, low-level convergence, and cyclonic wind shear.\
86
What does WADL stand for?
West African Disturbance Line.\
87
What is the West African Disturbance Line?
A line of convection that moves west off Africa into the Atlantic trade winds.\
88
Why is WADL significant?
It may develop into tropical storms and hurricanes.\
89
What are typical weather conditions on the west coast?
Clear and dry conditions.\
90
What are typical weather conditions on the east coast?
Onshore trade winds bring moisture.\
91
What are typical inland arid weather conditions?
Afternoon turbulence, dust devils, and flying hazards.\
92
What is a monsoon?
A large-scale seasonal wind shift caused by temperature differences between land and water.\
93
What are typical winter monsoon flying conditions over dry interiors?
Excellent weather for flying.\
94
What are typical winter monsoon flying conditions over water?
Showers and thunderstorms.\
95
What are typical summer monsoon flying conditions?
Low ceilings, heavy rain, restricted VFR, and thunderstorms.\
96
What is the maximum energy available to an ascending air parcel for convection called?
CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy).\
97
What is the first step in weather radar detection?
The radar sends out a radio wave.\
98
What happens when a radar wave strikes a target?
Some energy is backscattered toward the radar.\
99
What does radar receive and measure?
The returned wavelength.\
100
What does a radar image depict?
The location and intensity of precipitation.\
101
What is a radar ghost in clear air?
A diffused echo with low reflectivity, usually caused by insects.\
102
What is anomalous propagation (AP)?
False ground echoes caused by superrefraction.\
103
What is a radar angel?
An echo from an object such as a bird or insect that the pilot cannot visually see.\
104
What is radar backscatter?
The amount of energy returned after striking a target.\
105
What is precipitation attenuation?
Radar energy absorbed or scattered by precipitation particles.\
106
What is range attenuation?
Radar energy decreases as the beam travels farther from the antenna.\
107
What is radar propagation?
The movement of radar beams through the atmosphere.
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