Intro to the Nervous System
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CNS
braina and spinal cord
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PNS
all other parts of the nervous system
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White matter
myelinated axons, supporting cells, neuronal matrix found in the CNS
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Tract
a group of axons running in the CNS (all of which are involved in the same function
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Glia
the matrix in which the axons reside
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Grey matter
neurons and interneurons found in the CNS
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Why does white matter appear white
due to presence of myelin on axons
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Ganglion
a collection of cell bodies found in the PNS
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Nucleus
a collection of cell bodies found in the CNS (all involved in the same function)
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Basal Ganglia
a collection of nuclei in the CNS
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Stereognosis
mental perception of depth or three-dimensionality by the senses, usally in reference to the ability to perceive the form of solid objects by touch
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Types of sensations
touch, temperature, pain, pressure, proprioception, stereognosis
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Rostral
toward the nose (as in the prefontal portion of the frontal lobe)
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Caudal
toward the tail (as in the most inferior aspect of the spinal cord)
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Afferent
inward toward a structure (such as sensory impules traveling towards the CNS)
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Efferent
outward from a structure (such as motor impulses traveling from the CNS)
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Anterograde
substances in the axon traveling from the soma (cell body) to the synapse
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Retrograde
substances in the axon traveling from the synapse to the soma
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Commissure
fibers connecting equivalent structures on the right side of the brain to the left side of the brain
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Ipsilateral
situated or affecting the same side of the body
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Contralateral
situated or affectin the opposite side of the body
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Bilateral
situated or affecting both sided of the body
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Neurons
nerve cells
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Nuroglial cells outnumber nuerons ____ to ____.
10 to 1
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Interneuron
a neuron which transmits impuleses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc
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Axons are fille with _______, lined with a ________ which is thicker than the axon itself
axonoplasm, myelin sheath
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Node of Ranvier
gap between myelin sheaths
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Schwann Cells
myelinated axons in the PNS
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Oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in the CNS
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Schwann Cells
produce myelin in PNS
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Astrocyte
produces the matrix in which the nerve cells reside
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Microglial Cells
phagocytic cell specific to the CNS
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T or F: All nerve cells are myelinated
False: pain cells are ones that would be mostly myelinated while nerve cells that perform peristalsis would be ones that aren’t heavily myelinated
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Electrical Signal
signal propagation WITHIN neuron, branched axon terminus amplifies signal; terminus makes synapses with target cells
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Chemical Signal
propagation BETWEEN cells; neurotransmitters; relay electrical signal via exocytosis and endocytosis; somatic targets - another neuron (dendrites) or muscle cell (NMJ)
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Nerve Signals
changes in the electrical potential across the neuron’s plasma membrane
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An ________ _______ is a regenerating ___________ of membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane
action potential; depolarization
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A ________ ____ _________ keeps a neuron relatively negative until an action potential comes along
leaky K+ channel
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Resting neuron electrical level
-90 mv
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Neuron threshold necessary for depolarization
-55 mv
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Overshoot electrical level for an excited neuron
+35 mv
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Depolarization
when the membrane becomes permeable to Na ions INTO the axon
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An action potential is a regenerating ____________ (becoming more positive) of membrane potential that propagates along an excitable membrane
depolarization
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Action potentials actively propagate signal via what channel?
voltage-gated ion channels
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The action potential opens voltag gated _____ channels at the nerve terminal. The increase in ______ triggers the release of ______________ into the synaptic cleft. The _____________ diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds to the target cell, and triggers an action potential.
Ca+; Ca+; neurotransmitters; neurotransmitter
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Number of NEURONS in the human brain
10-100 Billion
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Number of SYNAPSES in the human brain
10-100 Trillion
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There are 31 pairs of _______ _______ and 12 pairs of _________ ________, both are part of the PNS
spinal nerves; cranial nerves
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