Gastrointestinal Pathology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus).

Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach, which can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).

Eating spicy foods, drinking carbonated beverages, being overweight or obese, smoking, taking certain medications, and hiatal hernia.

Abdominal/chest pain, altered ingestion of food (nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, anorexia), altered bowel movements (diarrhoea or constipation), and GI bleeding.

Melena is black, tarry stool, most often due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Hematochezia is bright red blood per rectum, usually indicating a lower gastrointestinal bleed (or very rapid upper GI bleed).

Meckel diverticulum.

Superficial longitudinal tears near the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), most often associated with severe retching (e.g., due to acute alcohol intoxication).

Disruption of mucosal protection mechanisms by H. pylori virulence factors.

Located in the body and fundus, decreased acid production, increased gastrin, and associated with antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor, potentially leading to pernicious anemia