ABO Blood group, ABO Subgroups, ABO Typing

True or False: In the inheritance of blood types, the A and B alleles show co-dominant expression.

Identification: Based on the co-dominance diagram, what genotype represents the recessive blood type O child?

Identification: Based on the co-dominance diagram, what blood type is an example of co-dominance expression when a type A parent and type B parent cross?

Identification: Name the scientist who discovered the ABO blood group system.

Identification: Name the book authored by Karl Lansteiner that established the ABO blood group system.

Identification: Name the scientist who discovered the AB blood group or the 4th blood group of the ABO blood group system.

Fill in the blank: The ABO blood group system is the ONLY system where individuals have antibodies in their serum to antigens absent from their RBCs, known as ________ antibodies.

True or False: Transfusion of the wrong ABO group is the leading cause of death in hemolytic transfusion reaction fatalities according to the FDA.

Identification: Name the specific enzymes coded by ABO genes that attach sugars to a basic precursor substance.

Fill in the blank: The basic precursor substance to which sugars are attached is called Paragloboside or ________.

Identification: What are the possible genotypes for Phenotype A?

Identification: What are the possible genotypes for Phenotype B?

True or False: Individuals with phenotype AB have identical genotypes and phenotypes because they inherit both A and B alleles.

Identification: On which chromosome is the ABO gene located?

Identification: On which chromosome is the H gene located?

Identification: On which chromosome is the Se gene located?

Fill in the blank: The ________ gene is required to form ABO antigens on red blood cells.

Fill in the blank: The ________ gene is required to form ABO antigens in secretions.

True or False: The O gene is amorphic because it produces a suppressed form of the A antigen.

Fill in the blank: An adult A1 RBC contains ________ to 1,170,000 antigen sites.

Identification: Name the glycosyltransferase enzyme coded by the H gene.

Identification: What is the immunodominant sugar for the H antigen?

Identification: Name the glycosyltransferase enzyme coded by the A gene.

Identification: What is the immunodominant sugar for the A antigen?

Identification: Name the glycosyltransferase enzyme coded by the B gene.

Identification: What is the immunodominant sugar for the B antigen?

Fill in the blank: An adult B RBC carries 610,000 to ________ antigen sites.

True or False: The B enzyme competes more efficiently for the H substance than the A enzyme.

Identification: How many antigen sites are found for the A antigen in an AB individual due to enzyme competition?

Identification: How many antigen sites are found for the B antigen in an AB individual due to enzyme competition?

Identification: Who described the theory for the inheritance of the ABO groups in 1924?

True or False: The inheritance of ABO blood groups follows simple Mendelian genetics where an individual inherits one ABO gene from each parent.

True or False: The ABO gene is an autosomal trait.

True or False: The group O phenotype is an autosomal recessive trait with the inheritance of two non-functional genes.

Identification: What term refers to the sequence of DNA that is inherited and detected through molecular or genetic testing?

Identification: What term describes the presence of two identical alleles?

Identification: What term describes the inheritance of different alleles?

Identification: What term refers to anything produced by the genotype, including outward characteristics detected through serological typing?

True or False: ABO genes directly code for the production of antigens.

Fill in the blank: The H gene is needed for the formation of the H antigen, which in turn is needed for the formation of ________ antigens.

Identification: Arrange the four major blood groups in order from highest to lowest frequency.

Fill in the blank: ABO antigens form as early as the ________ day of fetal life.

Fill in the blank: Neonate red blood cells carry only ________ of the number of antigenic sites found on adult RBCs.

Fill in the blank: Full expression of ABO antigens is achieved at ________ years of age and remains constant throughout life.

True or False: ABO antigens can be found on RBCs, endothelial cells, platelets, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and secretions.

True or False: Subgroups of B are much more common and frequent than subgroups of A.

Identification: Which B subgroup reacts normally with anti-B and anti-AB?

Identification: Which B subgroup gives a mixed field (MF) reaction with anti-B and anti-AB and is the most frequent B subtype?

Identification: Which B subgroup shows a weak reaction with anti-B and anti-AB?

Identification: Which B subgroup shows no or weak reaction with anti-B and anti-AB and converts to B if incubated with uracil diphosphate?

Identification: Which B subgroup shows no reaction with anti-B and anti-AB and is extremely rare?

Identification: What method is used to confirm the presence of Bm and Bel antigens?

True or False: ABO antibodies are normally present or easily detected at birth.

Fill in the blank: ABO antibodies are produced at birth but are detected only at ________ months of age.

Identification: What is the predominant immunoglobulin class of naturally occurring ABO antibodies?

Fill in the blank: Naturally occurring ABO antibodies react best at a room temperature of ________ or below after an immediate spin.

True or False: ABO antibodies can activate complement at 37°C to cause in vitro or in vivo hemolysis.

Identification: Which antibody class is Anti-A,B primarily composed of?

Identification: In which specific blood group phenotype is the cross-reacting antibody Anti-A,B found?

Identification: What type of ABO antibodies are mostly IgG, react at 37°C, and are formed after exposure to incompatible red blood cells via transfusion or pregnancy?

True or False: Lectins are plant or seed extract proteins that bind specifically to carbohydrate determinants and are not actual antibodies.

Identification: Identify the lectin used in blood banking to detect the A1 antigen.

Identification: Identify the lectin used in blood banking to detect the B antigen.

Identification: Identify the lectin used in blood banking to detect the H antigen.

Identification: Who first reported the Bombay phenotype in 1952?

Identification: What is the autosomal recessive genotype for the Bombay phenotype?

Identification: The Bombay phenotype is caused by mutations in which two specific genes?

True or False: The Bombay phenotype produces no H antigen and therefore cannot form A or B antigens.

True or False: The red blood cells of a Bombay phenotype individual will strongly agglutinate with Anti-H lectin.

Enumeration: List the four antibodies present in the serum of an individual with the Bombay phenotype.

True or False: An individual with the Bombay phenotype can safely receive blood from any group O individual because they appear as group O.

Identification: From which specific group can a Bombay phenotype individual receive blood?

Identification: Which variant of group O is characterized by absent or trace amounts of A, B, and H antigens on RBCs but normal expression of ABH substances in secretions?

Identification: What type of ABO typing utilizes known antisera to detect antigens on a patient's red blood cells?

Identification: What dye gives the Anti-A reagent its characteristic color?

Identification: What is the standard cell suspension percentage of whole blood or RBCs used for forward grouping?

True or False: The expected macroscopic reaction for a positive forward grouping is 3+ to 4+.

Identification: Which quality control step ensures the reactivity of the antisera by using a cell that is weakly reactive for the tested antigen?

Identification: Which quality control step ensures the specificity of the antisera?

Identification: What type of ABO typing utilizes reagent red cells to detect ABO antibodies in the patient's serum?

Identification: What is the standard concentration percentage of reagent red cells used in reverse grouping?

True or False: The expected macroscopic reaction for a positive reverse grouping is 2+ to 4+.

Identification: Which ABO type presents with A antigens, reacts with Anti-A and Anti-A,B, and has Anti-B antibodies in its serum?

Identification: Which ABO type presents with B antigens, reacts with Anti-B and Anti-A,B, and has Anti-A antibodies in its serum?

Identification: Which ABO type presents with both A and B antigens, has no ABO antibodies in its serum, and can receive blood from A, B, AB, and O?

Identification: Which ABO type has no A or B antigens, contains Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B antibodies, and can donate blood to A, B, AB, and O?

Identification: Identify the universal RBC donor group.

Identification: Identify the universal plasma donor group.

Identification: Identify the universal RBC recipient group.

Identification: Identify the universal plasma recipient group.

Identification: In macroscopic evaluation of agglutination reactions, what grade is assigned to one solid agglutinate?

Identification: What grade is assigned to several large agglutinates with a clear background?

Identification: What grade is assigned to medium agglutinates with a clear background?

Identification: What grade is assigned to small agglutinates with a turbid background?

Identification: What grade is assigned to tiny agglutinates with a turbid background?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to complete or partial hemolysis (H)?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to a 3+ reaction?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to a 2+ reaction?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to a 1+ reaction?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to a +/W reaction?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to aggregates visible only under a microscope?

Identification: According to Henry's grading system, what score is assigned to no agglutination or hemolysis (0)?

Identification: What evaluation term describes mixed field agglutination, defined as a minor population of agglutinated cells superimposed on a negative background?

Identification: What term describes a nonspecific aggregation of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins?

True or False: Partial or complete hemolysis is considered a positive reaction in blood banking.

Identification: What term is synonymous with pseudo agglutination and results in a "false" agglutination?