LEUKEMIA

Identify the condition characterized by the overproduction of various types of immature or mature cells in the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood.

Identify the solid malignant tumors of the lymph nodes and related WBCs in the bone tissue.

True or False: Leukemia frequently involves WBCs of the myelogenous or lymphocytic cell types.

True or False: Malignant cells in leukemia can easily trespass the blood-brain barrier.

Identify the distinctive cell type found in lymphomas.

Fill in the blank: Malignant lymphoma cells are initially confined to the organs containing ________ phagocytic cells.

Enumeration: Name four organs where malignant lymphoma cells are initially confined.

True or False: Lymphomas can spill over into the circulating blood and demonstrate a leukemic-appearing picture on a peripheral blood film.

True or False: Leukemia is a neoplastic disease characterized by an overproduction of immature or mature cells of various WBC types in all cases.

Fill in the blank: In leukemia, a greater presence of blasts typically indicates a shorter and more ________ course of disease.

Identify the direction of the shift in the WBC count typically seen in leukemia generalizations.

Identify the typical M:E ratio seen in general cases of leukemia.

Identify the type of anemia usually present in cases of acute leukemia.

Enumeration: What are three generalizations described for acute leukemias?

Identify the classification system of leukemias established in 1977.

Fill in the blank: The French-American-British (FAB) classification helps differentiate ________ characteristics to identify leukemia.

Identify the enzyme found in the primary granules of neutrophils, eosinophils, and to a certain extent, monocytes.

Fill in the blank: A positive Myeloperoxidase (MPO) stain rules out ________.

Enumeration: Name four components or cell types that give a positive reaction with the Myeloperoxidase stain.

Identify the cell type that is weakly positive or negative for the Myeloperoxidase stain.

Identify the stain that is considered the most sensitive for granulocytic precursors.

Fill in the blank: Sudan Black B stains sterols, neutral fats, and ________ found in granules.

Enumeration: Name four cell types or structures that are positive for Sudan Black B stain.

Identify the cells that are strongly positive for Sudan Black B stain.

Enumeration: Name two cells that are weakly positive or negative for Sudan Black B stain.

Enumeration: Name the two initial stains used on a Wright-stained blood smear showing positive blasts to classify and determine the type of leukemia.

Enumeration: Name four cell types or series that are completely negative for Myeloperoxidase stain.

Enumeration: Name three components or cells that are completely negative for Sudan Black B stain.

Enumeration: Depending on the method, what three colors can peroxidase positive granules produce?

Fill in the blank: In one MPO method, red blood cells develop a diffusely brown color due to ________ activity in hemoglobin.

Identify the potential carcinogen used as a substrate in one of the peroxidase staining methods.

Enumeration: What are five safety precautions to take when handling the 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) tetrahydrochloride reagent?

True or False: Peroxidase enzyme is highly stable when exposed to light.

Fill in the blank: Smears that are older than ________ weeks or exposed to excessive light should NOT be reported as peroxidase negative.

Identify the specific stain that may be used to detect eosinophilic leukemia.

Fill in the blank: The peroxidase of eosinophils is different from other granulocytes because of its activity in the presence of ________.

Identify the typical appearance of eosinophilic granules when stained with Sudan Black B.

True or False: Sudan Black B stain cannot be performed on specimens that are several months old.

True or False: Unlike MPO reagents, the reagents used in Sudan Black B staining are not considered to be carcinogenic.

Enumeration: What are three disadvantages of the Sudan Black B reaction?

Identify the disorder characterized by cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles that can cause a false-positive reaction in SBB staining.

Enumeration: What are the typical general MPO and SBB results for lymphocytic leukemias?

Identify the most common form of childhood leukemia.

Enumeration: Name the three FAB classifications of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Identify the FAB classification that accounts for 70% of childhood ALL.

Identify the FAB classification that accounts for 70% of adult ALL.

Identify the immunologic markers characteristic of L1 ALL.

Identify the immunologic markers characteristic of L2 ALL.

Identify the immunologic markers characteristic of L3 ALL.

Identify the alternate name for L3 type leukemia.

Identify the ALL classification characterized by a homogeneous population of small blasts with a uniformly round small nucleus and single nucleolus.

Identify the ALL classification characterized by a heterogeneous population of large blasts with an irregular nucleus.

Identify the ALL classification characterized by a homogeneous population of large blasts with nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuoles.

Identify the cytochemical stain that is positive in both L1 and L2 but negative in L3 ALL.

Enumeration: Name two cytochemical stains that are positive specifically for L3 ALL.

Identify the ALL type that is positive for E rosettes but negative for Surface Ig and Serum Anti-ALL.

Identify the ALL type that is negative for E rosettes and Serum Anti-ALL but positive for Surface Ig.

Identify the ALL type that is positive only for Serum Anti-ALL.

Identify the most common type of leukemia in the elderly, characterized by persistent lymphocytosis.

Enumeration: Name two distinctive cell types found in the peripheral blood smear of a patient with CLL.

Enumeration: Name three examples of clinical variations of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Identify the specific cytochemical marker associated with Hairy-cell leukemia.

Identify the solid tumor counterpart or lymphoma of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

Identify the solid tumor counterpart of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Identify the solid tumor counterpart of Monocytic leukemia.

Identify the solid tumor counterpart of Acute myelogenous granulocytic leukemia.

Identify the solid tumor counterpart of Plasma cell leukemia.

Identify the solid tumor counterpart of Stem cell leukemia.

Enumeration: What are the typical general MPO and SBB results for non-lymphocytic or myelogenous leukemias?

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M0.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M1.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M2, which is also the most common subtype of AML.

Identify the structure defined as a linear projection of primary granules often found in AML M1, M2, and M3.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M3.

Identify the reciprocal translocation associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3).

Identify the life-threatening coagulopathy frequently associated with AML M3.

Identify the cells containing bundles of Auer rods characteristic of AML M3.

Enumeration: What are four terms used to describe the characteristic nuclei of the microgranular variant of M3 cells?

Identify the alternate name for AML subgroup M4.

Identify the synonym used for Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia (M4).

Identify the variant designated as M4E.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M5.

Identify the synonym used for Acute Monocytic Leukemia (M5).

Identify the specific designation for AML subgroup M5a.

Identify the threshold percentage of monoblasts in the bone marrow required to classify as M5a.

Identify the specific designation for AML subgroup M5b, typically seen in middle-aged adults.

Identify the alternate name for AML subgroup M6.

Identify the syndrome synonym for Acute Erythroleukemia (M6).

Identify the type of anemia and the specific cytochemical stain result typical for erythroid cells in AML M6.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M7.

Identify the specific stain required for the accurate immunocytochemical diagnosis of AML M7.

Identify the AML subgroup designated as M8.

Identify the specific cytochemical stain that relates to myelocytic origin.

Identify the cytochemical stain family used to relate cells to a monocytic origin.

Enumeration: Based on the cytochemical reaction table, which AML subgroups show positive reactions for both alpha-naphthyl butyrate and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase?

Identify the alternate name for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).

Identify the small abnormal chromosome that characterizes Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Enumeration: Name the three clinical phases of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).

True or False: The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome in CML patients is associated with a good prognosis.

Identify the final clinical phase that marks the progression of CML in most patients.

Identify the fusion gene responsible for causing Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Identify the scientist who first described the Philadelphia chromosome in 1960.

Fill in the blank: The Philadelphia chromosome is formed due to a reciprocal translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes ________.

True or False: The term Philadelphia chromosome refers to the structural change in chromosome 9 only.

Identify the condition defined as an excessive leukocytic response in the peripheral blood that can be confused with CML.

Fill in the blank: A leukemoid reaction features a WBC count greater than ________ x 10^9/L with neutrophilia and a marked left shift.

Identify the primary test used to distinguish a Leukemoid Reaction from Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Identify the only type of white blood cell that contains alkaline phosphatase activity under normal growth conditions.

Identify the method whose principle relies on the hydrolysis of sodium alpha naphthyl phosphate by alkaline phosphatase to produce a colored precipitate with a diazotised amine.

Enumeration: Name the five components or reagents used in Kaplow's method for LAP staining.

Fill in the blank: In the LAP staining procedure, the dry blood smear is immersed in fixative for ________ seconds.

Fill in the blank: After pouring the working substrate onto the smear, it should be allowed to stand for at least ________ minutes.

Fill in the blank: The counterstaining step in the LAP procedure takes ________ minutes.

Identify the mounting solution used before examining the LAP stained smear.

Identify the color of the alkaline phosphatase granules looked for in the cytoplasm of neutrophils during examination.

Fill in the blank: To calculate the LAP score, a medical technologist must count and score ________ segmented neutrophils and bands.

Identify the LAP score description for a cell rated as 1+.

Identify the LAP score description for a cell rated as 4+.

Identify the reference range for a normal Kaplow's (LAP) Score.

True or False: A patient with a Leukemoid Reaction will show a decreased LAP score.

True or False: A patient with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia will show a decreased LAP score.

Identify the textbook source for the majority of the notes provided on the LAP/NAP test.

Enumeration: Name four clinical cases or conditions associated with an increased Kaplow's (LAP) score.

Enumeration: Name four clinical conditions associated with a decreased Kaplow's (LAP) score.

Identify the most common clinical application of flow cytometry.

Fill in the blank: Flow cytometry was originally designed to evaluate physical properties of cells based on their ability to ________ light.

Identify the major developmental discovery that led to the widespread clinical application of flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Apart from whole cells, name three other biological particles successfully studied using flow cytometry.

Enumeration: What three general properties of particles are measured by flow cytometry?

Enumeration: Name the four main components that make up a flow cytometer instrument.

Identify the primary advantage of flow cytometry over other diagnostic techniques.

Enumeration: Name five specimens most commonly analyzed using flow cytometry.

Fill in the blank: Peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens for flow cytometry must be processed within ________ hours from collection.

Identify the preferred anticoagulant used for collecting flow cytometry blood specimens.

Identify the temperature at which flow cytometry samples should be transported to the laboratory.

Fill in the blank: Based on the sample problem, if the number of neutrophils scored are 32 (for 0), 24 (for 1+), 21 (for 2+), 15 (for 3+), and 8 (for 4+), the total calculated LAP score is ________.

Identify the cell type predominantly present in the peripheral blood of a CML patient compared to a Leukemoid Reaction patient.

True or False: Toxic granulation is typically present in the neutrophils of a patient with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Identify the status of eosinophils and basophils in a patient with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

Identify the status of splenomegaly severity in a patient with a Leukemoid Reaction.

Identify the full phrase represented by the acronym LASER.

Identify the basic unit of all radiation.

Fill in the blank: Currently, up to ________ antigens can be detected simultaneously on an individual cell using flow cytometry.

Identify the method where monoclonal antibodies are conjugated to a variety of ________ to be directly detected by a flow cytometer.

Identify the method of injecting a cell suspension into a stream of sheath fluid to line cells up individually.

Identify the type of light scatter measured directly in line with the illuminating laser beam, which is proportional to cell size.

Identify the type of light scatter that reflects cell surface complexity and internal structures like granules or vacuoles.

Enumeration: Name three lineage-associated immature markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Name two lineage-associated granulocytic or monocytic markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Name two lineage-associated erythroid markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Name three lineage-associated megakaryocytic markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Name five lineage-associated B lymphocyte markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.

Enumeration: Name six lineage-associated T lymphocyte markers commonly analyzed in flow cytometry.