Aviation Instrument and Engine Knowledge 2

Airworthiness certificate (never expires)
Registration Certificate (renewed every seven years)
Radio Station License (Required for international)
Operating Limitations (Found in the approved flight manual or Pilot's operating handbook)
Weight and balance data

airport surveillance radar

30°

200 KIAS

230

265

Obstacle clearance and acceptable navigational signal coverage

22nm

3°

Approved DME or suitable RNAV

expect further clearance

±10 knots

1,000', 4nm from course

2,000', 4nm from course

An advisory that indicates that an emergency situation is possible.

500FPM or 1,500FPM

VALORS

Altitude assignments, vectors, and any part requiring verification

NTSB Part 830

departure airport and route

Fuel to distance + Alternate + 45 minutes

VOR
ASR
Localizer (LOC / LDA/ SDF)
Old school (NDB/ADF)
RNAV
Surveilance

VOR & NDB

LOC (straight-in)
LDA & SDF (offset or wide)

LPV, LP, LNAV, LNAV/VNAV

ILS
PAR
GLS

Instrument landing system

A VHF localizer provides lateral and vertical guidance

Precision Approach radar

A radar-based system where ATC uses two-way radio comms to talk the pilot down.

600' ceiling, 2SM

800' ceiling, 2sm

Descent and landing must be possible from the Minimum en route altitude (MEA) under basic VFR

Must file an alternate unless destiantion has an instrument approach AND:

Weather 1 hour before/after is at least
2,000' ceiling
3sm visbility

Black triangle with an "A" on the approach plate or in TPP.

GBAS Landing System

Ground Based Augmentation System

Uses GPS systems to enhance the signals provided by ground equipment.

Transponder landing system

Provides ILS-like guiadnce using secondary radar/transponder signals.

Date, place, bearing error, and signature

Correct smooth

Correct Smooth

Right Faster

Left

Correct Smooth

Correct Smooth

Left faster

Right

slower rate

Correct Smooth

When a pilot is cleared to land and hold short of an intersecting runway or taxiway

Squawk only

Squawk and pressure altitude in 100ft increments

Squaw address, ICAO 24-bit address, Pressure altitude at 25ft increments, tail number

Switch tanks, full rich, fuel pump on
Carb heat
Test mags

Outcome:
imminent engine failure, divert.

Causes:
Severe Oil loss
Oil pump failure

Outcome:
Reduce power, reduce climb rate and enrich mixture. Monitor.

High ambient temp, slow airspeed, lean mixture

Outcome:

Expect failure, divert.

Causes:
Gasket failure, oil loss, oil pump failure, faulty gauge.

Outcome:
Monitor. Engine failure unlikely. Divert.

Cause:
Stuck pressure release valve, line blockage, cold oil

Induction icing

Possible icing, mag heat on
test Magneto failure, try grounding one at a time and run on the smoother one.

70kts

65kts

45

50

60

64

76

76

102

125

113

$V_{S0}$ 45
$V_S$ 50
$V_R$ 60
$V_X$ 64
$V_Y$ 76
$V_G$ 76
$V_{FE}$ 102
$V_{NO}$ 125
$V_{NE}$ 154
$V_A$ 113

Lighted land airport

White and green beacon

Seaport

White/Yellow beacon

Military

White/White/Green beacon

Heliport

White/Yellow/Green Beacon

Integrated Avionics Unit

CAT SIT

Cyclones
Ash (Volcanic)
Thunderstorms

Sand/Dust storms
Icing (Severe)
Turbulence (Severe)

Airspeed
Best place to land
Checklists
Declare

Controlled flight into terrain

Detect
Estimate
Choose
Identify
Do
Evaluate

FDC
Type D

Navigational equipment

(Distant) airport environment

5sm, 1000 above, 1000 below, 1sm horizontal

mode c transponder adsb out

Newtons 3rd law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's 3rd law

Drivers license
Held a valid medical after July 14 2006
Physician Exam
Online course

Be at least 17
Pass knowledge and practical test
Speak English
Minimum 3rd class medical
Proper logbook endorsements
Flight time experience requirements

a line extending out from a VOR station

the course you fly towards a VIR station

wide area augmentation system

Every 28 days

Using landmarks to navigate

Using a known position to find time and distance

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

4

3

6

It ensures GPS signal integrity

DIE

ICE-T-G

TAI-PD

True Altitude
Absolutel Altitude
Indicated Altitude
Pressure Altitude
Density Altitude

Indicated Airspeed
Calibrated Airspeed
Equivalent
True Airspeed
Groundspeed

Airspeed off the instrument

Airspeed corrected for instrument and positional errors

Airspeed adjusted for air compressibility

movement of airplane relative to the ground

vertical distance above sea level

Height Above the ground (AGL)

Altitude read off the altimeter

Height above the standard data plane when barometric pressure is set to 29.92

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

5SM 10kts 4000' ceiling

78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other

No, only the density

UUA

5nm from the airport

MCPRAWN

1-800-wx-brief
EFB
FAA SUA website
Contact Controlling agency

MOA
CFA
Prohibited
Restricted
Alert Area
Warning Area
National Security Area

chronic and acute

chronic and acute

Documents (ARROW)
Inspections (AV1ATES)
Equipment (A TOMATO FLAMES)

pink

12 months

NAS website

Fuel, maintenance facilities

When the oil is stored in the oil pan

When oil is stored outside the engine

The ability for it to resist vertical motion

troposphere

AV1ATES

Airspeed 87
Close vents
open storm windows
latch side then top

aircraft acceleration, turbulence, magnetic dip

When you are 90° abeam the selected radial, the to/from flag will fluctuate

9.5:1

For every 1,000 feet of altitude lost, the aircraft can travel forward about 9,500 feet

Single seat, agricultural, gliders ballons etc

Serves as the floor of the class E and ceiling for golf

CARL

Cone of confusion
Area of ambiguity
reverse sensing
line of sight

end of evening Civil twilight and beginning of morning Civil twilight

From sunset to sunrise

an hour before sunrise and hour after sunset

8 miles, 4 each side

Heavy loads, high altitudes, high temperatures, runway coondition, engine wear

Better efficiency, smaller, lighter

2700

(my) Specific airplanes by tail number

In the POH

MKART

MEL
KOEL
ADs
Regs
Type certificate data sheet

91.213

inoperable equipment

50 knot surface winds, 3/4 inch hail or tornadoes

An altitude that allows for a landing should the engine fail without undue hazard

1000ft above the highest obstacle, 2,000ft horizontal

500ft over the surface

If over open water: 500ft from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure

2 quarts

8 quarts

6 quarts

More than 30 minutes, minimum flight crew must use supplemental

Oxygen required for required crew entire duration

All occupants must be supplied oxygen

12,500-14,000: More than 30 minutes, required crew must use supplemental

14,000: Required crew must use continous supplemental oxygen

15,000: All occupants must be provided oxygen

Can act as PIC within your privileges
PSCRIPT
Can fly at night
Can fly with pax

Can't fly for compensation or hire
Must pay pro rata
Can only fly VFR

61.23

Every 48 months.

It reverts to a third class

Broad, like airplane or rotorcraft

Specific design features, like single engine land

Specific models

Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, Transport

Airplane, rotorcraft, glider etc

Specific aircraft models of similar designs

2 hours

4 hours

Convective, standard, cyclonic, and volcanic ash.

S (Widespread IFR)
T (Turbulence)
Z (Icing)

an aviation weather advisory that alerts pilots to severe weather hazards that pose a danger to all aircraft.

Cyclones
Ash (Volcanic)
Thunderstorms

Sand/Duststorms
Icing (Severe)
Turbulence (Severe)

severe thunderstorms, embedded thunderstorms, continous line of at least 60nm, wide area coverage of at least 40% of 3000 square miles

Cold and warm

A mix of both warm and cold front conditions

Typically the weather is more severe than the state weather in a cold front occlusion. Embedded thunderstorms, rain, and fog.

Indefintely as long as the aircraft meets its approved type desgin and is in a condition for safe operation.

Seven years

Approved flight manual or POH

Illness
Medication
Stress
Alcohol
Fatigue
Emotion/eating

Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External Factors

IMSAFE

Airworthiness certificate (never expires)
Registration Certificate (renewed every seven years)
Radio Station License (Required for international)
Operating Limitations (Found in the approved flight manual or Pilot's operating handbook)
Weight and balance data

Annual inspection
VOR Check
100 hour inspection
Altimeter
Transponder
ELT
Static System

Annual Inspection: Every 12 calendar months (91.409) (Must be done by an A&P IA)
VOR Check: Every 30 days (required for IFR only) (91.171)
100 Hour inspection: Required if flying for hire (91.409)
Altimeter: Every 24 calendar months (91.411) (Required for IFR only)
Transponder: Every 24 calendar months (91.413)
ELT: Every 12 calendar months; battery replaced if used for more than 1 cumulative hour or if 50% of the usable battery life has expired (91.207)
Static System: 24 Calendar months (91.411)

Every 30 days. (91.171) (For IFR flight)

Required if flying for hire (91.409)

Every 24 calendar months (91.411)

Every 24 calendar months (91.413)

Every 12 calendar months; battery replaced if used for more than 1 cumulative hour or if 50% of the usable battery life has expired (91.207)

A TOMATO FLAMES (91.205)

Altimeter

Tachometer (each engine)
Oil pressure indicator (each engine)
Manifold pressure gauge (each engine)
Airspeed Indicator
Temp gauge (each engine)
Oil temp gauge (each engine)

Fuel quantity gauge (each tank)
Landing gear position lights
Anti-collision lights (certified after 1996)
Magnetic direction indicator (compass)
ELT
Safety belts (certified after 1986)

Altimeter

Tachometer (each engine)
Oil pressure indicator (each engine)
Manifold pressure gauge (each engine)
Airspeed Indicator
Temp gauge (each engine)
Oil temp gauge (each engine)

Fuel quantity gauge (each tank)
Landing gear position lights
Anti-collision lights (certified after 1996)
Magnetic direction indicator (compass)
ELT
Safety belts

Same as VFR AND

Fuses (spare)
Landing light (if for hire)
Anti-collision lights
Position lights (nav lights)
Source of power (such as battery)

Pilot certificate
Photo ID
Medical Certificate
Radio operator permit (if outside US)

6 hours

4 hours

2c / 1000ft

the adiabatic lapse rate is greater than the ambient lapse rate

Upslope
Precipitation
Advection
Ice
Radiation
Steam

UPAIRS

Differential ailerons.

Deflects further upward than the downward one to counteract the yawing effect created by the downward aileron

Slotted flaps

Better performance at slower speeds

Sesinich fixed pitch

Lycoming O-360-A4M
Horizontally opposed
Air cooled
Normally aspirated
Direct drive

180 hp

LHAND

Tricycle with differential hydraulic toe braking

17 gallons at tabs, 32 useable (both tanks)

It compares the pressure between the pitot and the static port

Heading indicator, attitude indicator, and turn coordinator

Stall speed landing config (45 knots)

Stall speed no flaps (50)

Best angle (64)

Best rate (76)

Maximum flap extension (102)

Maneuvering Speed (113)

Max structural cruise (125)

Never exceed (154)

32 gallons at tabs; 48 full

Steady rain, widespread clouds, poor visibility, stratifrom clouds, low ceilings

A warm front is when a warm air mass advances and replaces a colder body of air, covering the cold air and forcing it out below

thunderstorms, towering cumulus, precipitation

A stationary front is when the forces of two air masses are relatively equal, causing them to not move.

When a faster-moving cold front catches up to a warm front, forcing the warm air up.

Stationary front

Occluded front

Clockwise, outwards, and downwards

Counter-clockwise, inwards, and upwards

Widespread IFR

Turbulence

Icing

Gas
Undercarriage (N/A)
Mixture (Full rich)
Prop (N/A)
Switches (LDG Light and fuel pump on)

Between 600 and a 1000' AGL, or 1,200' MSL (TOP) ~1100' MSL

Cruise speed (100-115)

On a tailwind

On a tailwind

No lower than 1,500' AGL
(So ~1,800 MSL)

76 knots

Once there is a postive climb rate.

65 knots

70-75 knots

Keep starter on
Mixture cut
Throttle open
turn off fuel pump and fuel selector

76 knots
switch tanks
mixture rich
carb heat on
fuel pump on
turn each mag on/off one at a time

close throttle and mixture
turn off battery
turn off alternator
turn off mags
turn off fuel
Crack door open

Verify emerg battery armed
Master batt off
alternator off
vents open
cabin heat off
extinguish fire

Throttle to idle
aim for 120 knots
bank 30-45 degrees

PARE

Power- idle
Ailerons- Neutal
Rudder opposite the turn
Elevator forward to break the stall, then back to level flight

bank into the wind, Full rudder opposite the wind

Over 80 knots

ATC Clearance, two-way radio communications
Mode C transponder (while inside the veil)
3sm, Clear of clouds

Surrounds most Class B airports within 30nm.
Mode C transponder required

Establish and maintain two-way radio prior to entering, mode c transponder, adsb-out


3 miles visibility, 500 below, 1,000 above, 2000 horizontal

Establish and maintain two-way radio communication
3-152

55 knots

64 knots

76 knots

15C 59F

At least 20nm

hail, turbulence, lightning

General emergency

Squawk 7700

Lost communications

Squawk 7600

Hijacking

Squawk 7500

Unstable
Takeoff ground roll decreased
Stall speed decreases
Cruise speed increases
bad stall recovery characteristics

more stable
takeoff ground roll increased
stall speed increases
cruise speed decreases

Lift, thrust, drag, weight

Parasitic and Induced

Form drag
Skin friction
Interference

Heavy, clean, and slow

During takeoff

Downwards and outwards

P-factor
Gyroscopic precession
Torque
Spiraling slipstream

During high angle of attacks and high power settings.

The propeller's descending blade experiencing a greater angle of attack (bigger bite of air) than the ascending blade, causing more thrust on one side causing a yaw to the left

As the air hits the top of the prop, due to Newton's law of motion, will be applied at a 90 degrees later, creating a yaw to the left.

Tailwheel