Group 13 Elements
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1
Calcium carbide
Reacts with water to produce acetylene gas.
2
What is used by cavers and miners as lamps?
Calcium carbide.
3
Strontium and nuclear fallout
Strontium is a product of U-235 fission and can replace calcium in bones, leading to cancer.
4
Why is strontium dangerous?
It substitutes for calcium in bones and has no biological function.
5
Barium sulfate and X-rays
Barium strongly absorbs X-rays and is used as a contrast agent.
6
Why is BaSO₄ safe for medical imaging?
It is highly insoluble and cannot be absorbed by the body.
7
Radium and radioactivity
Radium glows in the dark and was historically used on watch dials.
8
Why did workers painting radium on watches suffer health issues?
They ingested radioactive radium, causing radiation disease.
9
Gallium's melting point
Gallium has an unusual melting trend due to intermolecular forces.
10
What is a fun property of gallium?
It melts in your hand.
11
Oxidation states of Group 13
Al is only +3, while Ga, In, and Tl can be +3 or lower.
12
Why is GaCl₂ unusual?
It contains a mix of Ga(I) and Ga(III) oxidation states.
13
Boron bonding
Boron prefers polar covalent bonding and forms stable B₁₂ icosahedra.
14
Where is boron commonly found?
In borax (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O).
15
Main use of boron
Borosilicate glass, which has a low thermal expansion coefficient.
16
Why is Pyrex better than regular glass?
It expands less with heat due to boron content.
17
Boranes
Compounds of boron and hydrogen with unique bonding.
18
What type of bonding do boranes have?
A mix of 2c-2e and 3c-2e bonds.
19
Aluminum reactivity
Reacts with both acids and bases.
20
Why shouldn't pure aluminum cookware be used with acidic food?
It reacts with acid, affecting food and degrading the metal.
21
Aluminum recycling
Lightweight, strong, and highly recyclable.
22
Why does aluminum resist rusting?
It forms a protective Al₂O₃ layer.
23
Anodized aluminum
Has an enhanced oxide coating for protection.
24
What is a common use of anodized aluminum?
Cookware.
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