3.7 homeostasis and kidney
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1
Define homeostasis.
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
2
Define negative feedback.
A change triggers a response that reverses the change.
3
What is excretion?
The removal of metabolic waste from the body.
4
Where is urea produced?
In the liver via the ornithine cycle.
5
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron.
6
Define ultrafiltration.
Filtration under high pressure in the Bowman’s capsule.
7
How is high pressure created in the glomerulus?
The afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole.
8
What is the basement membrane?
A molecular filter preventing proteins and blood cells entering the filtrate.
9
What are podocytes?
Cells in the Bowman’s capsule with filtration slits.
10
Where does selective reabsorption occur?
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
11
Name three substances reabsorbed in the PCT.
All glucose, all amino acids, and some salts and water.
12
How are PCT cells adapted?
They have microvilli and many mitochondria.
13
Why might glucose be present in urine?
Blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold.
14
What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
To create a low water potential in the medulla.
15
Define counter-current multiplier.
The mechanism that builds up a salt gradient in the medulla.
16
What hormone controls water reabsorption?
ADH.
17
Where is ADH produced and released?
Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary.
18
How does ADH work?
It increases collecting duct permeability by adding aquaporins.
19
What is osmoregulation?
Control of the water potential of blood and body fluids.
20
What nitrogenous waste do birds excrete?
Uric acid.
21
Why do desert animals have longer Loops of Henle?
To conserve more water by producing concentrated urine.
22
What is haemodialysis?
Filtering blood using an external machine.
23
What is the composition of dialysis fluid?
Normal glucose and salt levels but no urea.
24
What is the role of the vasa recta?
To maintain the medullary gradient.
25
What is deamination?
The removal of the amino group from an amino acid.
26
Name a metabolic waste product other than urea.
Carbon dioxide or creatinine.
27
What happens to urine volume when ADH is high?
Urine volume decreases and concentration increases.
28
What are aquaporins?
Water channel proteins.
29
Where are osmoreceptors located?
In the hypothalamus.
30
Why do kidney transplant patients take immunosuppressants?
To prevent organ rejection.
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