Psychodynamic Explanations of Schizophrenia
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1
What did Freud publish in 1911 about Schreber?
70-page monograph about Daniel Schreber; who wrote Memoirs of My Nervous Illness describing his experiences with schizophrenia.
2
What did Freud's Schreber monograph explain?
Freud's psychodynamic & psychoanalytical explanation of schizophrenia in relation to this case study.
3
What methodological limitations are annotated beside the Schreber case?
Secondary data & lack of generalisability from the case study.
4
How is libido satisfied during the oral stage?
Stimulation of mouth & lips; need met during breastfeeding.
5
Which fixation did Freud propose could lead to schizophrenia?
Fixation during first 1-2 months of oral stage of psychosexual development -> may later develop schizophrenia. Notes link this to narcissistic baby.
6
How do adults satisfy oral desires?
Oral activities such as kissing; smoking & chewing gum.
7
What may trigger regression to oral stage?
Excessive stress. Annotation gives schizophrenia diagnosis or experiencing symptoms as examples of stress.
8
What is regression & how long can it last?
Ego defence mechanism causing ego to retreat to an earlier stage; may be temporary or long-term.
9
How does oral-stage regression affect the ego & id in this theory?
Ego not well developed during oral stage. Regression to point where ego effectively does not exist -> nothing prevents id operating unimpeded.
10
How are positive symptoms explained by unchecked id activity?
Positive symptoms supposedly represent unchecked id activity; annotation names hallucinations & delusions. Person loses touch with reality & becomes unable to distinguish desires / fantasies from reality.
11
What does primary narcissism mean in this explanation?
Individuals with schizophrenia are described as typified by primary narcissism seen in all newborns.
12
What did Fromm-Reichmann (1948) propose about distrust & resentment?
Early rejection & damaging experiences with significant people in infancy / childhood; particularly a schizophrenogenic mother; lead to painful distrust & resentment of others.
13
What contradictory maternal qualities does the theory propose?
Mother simultaneously overprotective; controlling / domineering; yet rejecting & distant.
14
How are these maternal qualities proposed to increase vulnerability?
Overprotection stifles emotional development; distance deprives child of personal security & intimacy with parent -> individual vulnerable to stress & stress-based responses.
15
What is the main scientific criticism of Freudian concepts?
Criticised as out of date; unscientific & unfalsifiable. Psychologists became increasingly dissatisfied because theories lack testability.
16
Why are concepts such as id; ego & superego problematic scientifically?
Cannot be objectively proven -> undermines scientific validity of explanation; critics regard it as more of a historical framework than an established scientific account.
17
What uncertainty did Freud acknowledge about the Schreber analysis?
At end of monograph; left future generations to decide whether there was more delusion in his theories than he wished to admit.
18
How does Freud's admission relate to evaluation?
Acknowledges uncertainty in interpretation; reinforces concerns about lack of objective testing & falsifiability rather than establishing theory as proven.
19
Why did Freud consider individuals with schizophrenia unsuitable for psychoanalysis?
Believed they lacked necessary insight; creates difficulty for treatment based on psychoanalysis.
20
What did Rosen (1947) attempt?
Attempted to treat schizophrenia using psychoanalytic techniques despite Freud's reservations.
21
What did Strupp et al. (1977) find about psychoanalytic therapies?
Often led to deterioration in individuals with schizophrenia.
22
Why might psychoanalytic therapy lead to distress & deterioration?
Requires patients to confront memories & insights they are emotionally incapable of handling -> highly distressing. Supports criticism that psychodynamic approach fails to establish effective therapy for disorder.
23
How strong is support for the schizophrenogenic-mother concept?
Popular between 1940s & 1970s but underlying research base tenuous & support inconsistent.
24
What did Kasanin et al. (1934) report?
Examined hospital case records; evidence of maternal overprotection in 33 out of 45 schizophrenia cases.
25
How do Kasanin's results & method limit the theory?
Nearly a quarter of cases failed to support claim. Clinical judgements may lack objectivity & suffer researcher bias -> inconsistent findings & subjective interpretation weaken evidence.
26
How does the psychodynamic explanation overlook genetics?
Attributing schizophrenia solely to early-life experiences & maternal interactions ignores strong biological evidence.
27
What did Heston (1966) find in an adoption study?
10.6% of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia developed disorder vs 0% in control group.
28
Why does Heston challenge the psychodynamic account?
Suggests incidence better explained by shared genetic vulnerabilities between biological mother & child than mother's child-rearing style. Challenges explanation based solely on maternal interactions.
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