Network+ | Chapter 1: Network Models
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1
At which layer of the OSI model does a network switch that uses MAC addresses for forwarding operate?
- Layer 1
- Layer 2
- Layer 3
- Layer 4
2
The presentation layer (Layer 6) of the OSI model is primarily considered less critical today because:
- It no longer handles data encryption.
- Modern applications can natively interpret most data formats
- Its functions were merged with the application layer.
- It only works with outdated copper cabling specifications.
3
Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating connections between applications?
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
- Session Layer
- Application Layer
4
A network card stripping off the preamble and frame check sequence from an incoming signal is an action that occurs at what layer?
- Physical Layer
- Data Link Layer
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
5
The process of taking a large file, like a video, and breaking it into multiple 1500-byte chunks is performed at which layer?
- Data Link Layer
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
- Session Layer
6
Which layer of the OSI model would be responsible for defining the voltage levels and the timing of signals across a network cable?
- Session Layer
- Transport Layer
- Data Link Layer
- Physical Layer
7
When an IP packet is encapsulated into an Ethernet frame, the IP header and data become the ______ of the frame.
- Preamble
- Payload
- Frame Check Sequence
- MAC Address
8
The primary function of the OSI model's application layer (Layer 7) is to:
- Provide a user interface for software like a web browser.
- Supply the network-aware "smarts" or APIs that allow applications to access network services
- Encrypt data before it is transmitted onto the network.
- Establish a connection with a remote server.
9
A router makes its forwarding decisions based on logical IP addresses. At which OSI layer does a router primarily operate?
- Layer 1
- Layer 2
- Layer 3
- Layer 4
10
Which of the following tasks is a key responsibility of the data link layer (Layer 2)?
- Ensuring reliable end-to-end delivery of data across a network.
- Converting data into a format the application layer can understand.
- Addressing frames using MAC addresses to deliver them to the correct device on the LAN
- Breaking a large data stream into smaller segments for transmission.
11
What is the primary function of a hub in an early network?
- To filter frames based on MAC addresses
- To route packets based on IP addresses
- To act as a repeater and broadcast data to all other ports
- To break large data streams into segments
12
What is the maximum size, in bytes, of the data payload for a standard Ethernet frame?
- 64 bytes
- 512 bytes
- 1500 bytes
- 9000 bytes
13
The discrete chunks of data that are created and "eaten" by network cards are called:
- Segments
- Packets
- Frames
- Datagrams
14
In the analogy of data moving across a network, what does a stream of alternating "ones and zeros" represent?
- IP Addresses
- MAC Addresses
- Binary data being transmitted physically
- Port numbers
15
What is a major disadvantage of using a hub in a network?
- It is too expensive.
- It operates only at the Network layer.
- It creates security and efficiency issues by sending data to every connected device
- It cannot connect more than four computers.
16
A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is:
- Assigned by a DHCP server and can change.
- A logical address used for routing over the internet.
- Burned into every network interface card (NIC) at the factory
- Configured by the network administrator in software.
17
How many bits long is a MAC address?
- 32
- 48
- 64
- 128
18
What does a network card do when it receives a frame with a destination MAC address that does not match its own?
- It forwards the frame to the next router.
- It strips away the MAC information and sends the data up.
- It makes the frame disappear and does nothing with it
- It sends a NAK (Non-Acknowledgement) message back.
19
The first three pairs of a MAC address, known as the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), represent:
- The serial number of the specific network card.
- The model number of the computer.
- The manufacturer of the network card.
- The logical network the device is on.
20
In an Ethernet frame, what is the purpose of the source MAC address?
- To tell the hub which port to send the frame out of.
- So the receiving computer knows where to send replies.
- To identify the type of data contained in the frame.
- To encrypt the payload of the frame.
21
The primary limitation of MAC addresses that necessitates the use of logical IP addresses is:
- MAC addresses are too long and difficult to manage.
- MAC addresses are not unique and can cause conflicts.
- MAC addressing is insufficient for large, distributed networks like the internet.
- MAC addresses change every time a device connects to a new network.
22
At the Network Layer (Layer 3), what information does a device inspect to determine if an incoming packet is intended for it?
- The destination MAC address
- The destination port number
- The destination IP address
- The source MAC address
23
What is the fundamental difference between the addressing used at Layer 2 and the addressing used at Layer 3?
- Layer 2 uses IP addresses, while Layer 3 uses MAC addresses.
- Layer 2 uses logical addresses, while Layer 3 uses physical addresses.
- Layer 2 uses physical addresses, while Layer 3 uses logical addresses.
- There is no significant difference; they are used interchangeably.
24
After a device at the Network Layer confirms a packet is for it and strips away the IP header information, what does it do with the remaining data?
- It discards the data, as its job is complete.
- It places the data directly into the application.
- It sends the data up to the Transport Layer (Layer 4).
- It converts the data from binary into a readable format.
25
The core function of the Network Layer can be best summarized as:
- Managing sessions between applications.
- Reliably transmitting data segments.
- Addressing and routing packets across networks.
- Defining electrical signals for transmission.
26
A port number, in the context of networking, is best defined as a:
- Physical receptacle on a computer case for a network cable.
- 16-bit unsigned number that distinguishes between different services
- 32-bit logical address used for internet routing.
- 48-bit burned-in address for a network interface card.
27
Which range of port numbers is designated as "Well-known" or "System" ports and assigned to legacy and core services like HTTP and DNS?
- 0 to 1023
- 1024 to 49151
- 49152 to 65535
- 256 to 2048
28
The combination of an IP address and a port number is known as a:
- Frame
- Packet
- Socket
- Segment
29
If an application needs to use a port number for an outgoing connection that is not permanently assigned to any service, from which range would it most likely select a source port?
- Well-known ports (0-1023)
- Registered ports (1024-49151)
- Dynamic ports (49152-65535)
- System ports (0-1023)
30
What is the primary function of port numbers?
- To ensure data is encrypted during transmission.
- To get data to the right application on a device after it has reached the right computer.
- To route packets across the internet to the correct network.
- To define the electrical specifications for data transfer.
31
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is unique because it traditionally uses two port numbers. What are they used for?
- Port 21 for encryption and Port 22 for control.
- Port 20 for data and Port 21 for control codes.
- Port 22 for data and Port 23 for the session.
- Port 80 for data and Port 443 for control.
32
Which of the following protocols is assigned to the Well-known port number 22?
- HTTP
- Telnet
- DNS
- Secure Shell (SSH)
33
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for assigning which group of port numbers?
- Dynamic Ports
- Registered Ports
- Well-known Ports
- All of the above
34
Which transport layer protocol, TCP or UDP, would be most suitable for a live video streaming service where low latency is critical, and the occasional lost packet is acceptable?
- TCP, because it guarantees delivery.
- UDP, because it is a low-latency protocol.
- TCP, because it performs error correction.
- UDP, because it uses a three-way handshake.
35
What is the fundamental characteristic that distinguishes TCP from UDP?
- TCP uses IP addresses, while UDP uses MAC addresses.
- TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, while UDP is connectionless.
- TCP operates at the Network Layer, while UDP operates at the Application Layer.
- TCP is used for web browsing, while UDP is used for email.
36
Which process does TCP use to establish a reliable connection before data transfer begins?
- A Four-way Finishing Handshake
- Port Number Assignment
- A Three-way Handshake
- MAC Address Resolution
37
For which of the following applications would the use of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) be most appropriate?
- Transferring a large spreadsheet file where data integrity is critical.
- Loading a static web page on an e-commerce site.
- A real-time voice-over-IP (VoIP) call where low delay is essential.
- Sending an email with an important document attachment.
38
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is primarily used for which of the following tasks?
- Encrypting data payloads for secure transmission.
- Establishing and managing VPN tunnels.
- Sending error messages and network diagnostic information.
- Reliably transferring files between a client and a server.
39
Within the IPsec protocol suite, which component is responsible for authenticating the origin and ensuring the integrity of an IP packet, but does not encrypt its payload?
- Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
- Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
- Authentication Header (AH)
- Transport Layer Security (TLS)
40
What is the primary purpose of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol within IPsec?
- To encrypt the data payload of individual packets.
- To create and manage the security associations (SAs) that define the encryption keys and parameters.
- To authenticate the user accessing the VPN.
- To encapsulate the entire original IP packet within a new header.
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