Protein Synthesis Test

Process of copying genetic info from DNA to RNA

Process by which genetic info encoded in RNA is used to make proteins

Process of copying DNA to make an identical copy, which occurs before cell division.

DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein

Building blocks of proteins
20 Types of amino acids

Molecules made up of amino acids

Chain of amino acids not folded into protein

Covalent bond that links amino acids in polypeptide chain

Three-letter sequence of RNA that codes for specific amino acid
64 possible codon combinations, 3 stop codons

Three nucleotides on tRNA that pair with complementary codon on mRNA

Alings RNA and links amino acids

Type of RNA that carries amino acids to ribosome

Type of RNA that carries genetic info from DNA to ribosome

Type of RNA that forms structure of ribosome

Ribose, Single-stranded, transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosome, nucleus and cytoplasm.

Deoxyribose, double-stranded, contains genetic info, nucleus of animal cells, nucleoid region of bacterial cells.

Codes for part of protein and retained in final mRNA after splicing.

Does not code for protein and removed from initial RNA transcript during splicing. (JUNK GENES)

Initial RNA produced during transcription and undergoes splicing to remove introns and form mRNA.

Carries out the splicing of pre-mRNA

Nucleolus is a region within nucleus where ribosomes are assembled
Nuclear pore is complex of proteins that regulates transport of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

Free ribosomes: Ribosomes located in cytoplasm and produce proteins that function within cell
Fixed ribosomes: Attached to endoplasmic reticulum and produce proteins that are exported

A site is where next tRNA molecule binds to ribosome
P site is where polypeptide chain is located
E site is where spent tRNA molecule is released

Initiator codon (AUG) signals start of protein synthesis.

Signals end of transcription

Signals start of transcription by binding to RNA polymerase

Transcribes DNA into RNA

mRNA reads 5' to 3'
Poly-A Tail 3' end
Cap 5' end

Large and Small

Translation has three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination (IET)
Initiation: Ribosome assembles around mRNA and first tRNA molecule is recruited
Elongation: Ribosome moves along mRNA, adding new amino acids to growing polypeptide chain
Termination: Ribosome reaches stop codon and completed polypeptide chain is released

Codes for functional RNA or protein

Change in DNA sequence of gene that alters function of encoded protein or RNA
Arise spontaneously or induced by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals