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Naturwissenschaften Englisch

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What is biology?

The scientific study of life
The study of inherited traits only
The study of ecosystems only
The study of living and nonliving matter equally

In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?

1809
1859
1835
1900

When was Charles Darwin born?

February 12, 1859
November 24, 1809
February 12, 1809
February 12, 1819

Who was born on the same day as Darwin?

Alfred Russel Wallace
Isaac Newton
Thomas Huxley
Abraham Lincoln

Who independently developed natural selection?

Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
Darwin and Gregor Mendel
Darwin and Thomas Huxley
Wallace and Louis Pasteur

What is a proximate explanation?

Why natural selection favored a trait
How a trait or behavior works
How a species originated millions of years ago
Why a trait increases fitness

What is an ultimate explanation?

What immediate hormone causes a behavior
Which muscles produce a movement
Why a trait evolved
How a cell responds to a signal

What is Occam's razor?

Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
Prefer the oldest explanation
Prefer the most detailed explanation regardless of evidence
Prefer the simplest explanation consistent with evidence

What does extant mean?

Still living today
Recently extinct
Preserved as a fossil
Evolutionarily unchanged

What is generation time?

Length of an organism’s entire life
Average time between generations
Time needed for one mutation
Age of the oldest fossil

Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?

They never mutate
They reproduce only sexually
Short generation times
They are unaffected by selection

What is the central idea of Your Inner Fish?

Modern humans descended from modern salmon
All fish became land animals
Human limbs evolved independently of fish fins
Humans share ancestry with ancient fish

Who wrote Your Inner Fish?

Neil Shubin
Richard Dawkins
Charles Darwin
Stephen Jay Gould

What is Tiktaalik?

The first modern amphibian
A fossil fish with tetrapod-like features
An early mammal
A living cartilaginous fish

Why is Tiktaalik important?

It proves mammals evolved before fish
It was the first vertebrate with feathers
It shows features of the fish-to-tetrapod transition
It is the oldest known organism

Where was Tiktaalik discovered?

Antarctica
Eastern Africa
Southern Australia
Arctic Canada

Which rock type often preserves fossils?

Sedimentary
Igneous
Metamorphic
Volcanic glass

Where are older fossils generally found in undisturbed strata?

Upper layers
Lower layers
Only at the surface
Equally in all layers

What is a tetrapod?

Any animal with four legs
Any fish with paired fins
A vertebrate with four-limbed ancestry
A mammal with four limbs only

Approximately when was the fish-to-tetrapod transition?

500 million years ago
250 million years ago
65 million years ago
375 million years ago

What is the key limb-evolution point in Your Inner Fish Chapter 2?

Fish fins and tetrapod limbs share underlying structures
Fish fins and human arms have no shared ancestry
All limb bones arose independently
Human digits appeared before fish fins

What does ZPA stand for?

Zone of Protein Activation
Zone of Polarizing Activity
Zygotic Patterning Area
Zoological Polar Axis

What does the ZPA influence?

The color of adult skin
The timing of tooth eruption
The pattern of digits in a developing limb
The number of vertebrae in all animals

What is Sonic hedgehog?

A bone found in Tiktaalik
A type of sedimentary rock
A protein found only in mammals
A developmental signaling gene

How can vitamin A relate to limb development?

Retinoic acid can influence developmental signaling
Vitamin A directly becomes limb bone
It stops all gene expression
It determines adult body temperature

What are skates?

Early four-limbed mammals
Cartilaginous fish related to sharks
Bony fish that live only in rivers
Extinct amphibians

Approximately when did life begin on Earth?

500 million years ago
1 billion years ago
3.8–4 billion years ago
10,000 years ago

Approximately when did multicellular life become established?

10,000 years ago
65 million years ago
4 million years ago
1 billion years ago

Approximately when was the Cambrian explosion?

500 million years ago
375 million years ago
1 billion years ago
60 million years ago

Approximately when did early reptiles appear?

500 million years ago
300 million years ago
60 million years ago
10 million years ago

Approximately when did early mammals appear?

375 million years ago
500 million years ago
200–250 million years ago
10,000 years ago

Approximately when was the dinosaur-ending asteroid impact?

375 million years ago
200 million years ago
10,000 years ago
60–66 million years ago

Approximately when did agriculture expand?

10,000 years ago
100,000 years ago
1 million years ago
60 million years ago

What is natural selection?

Individuals evolve traits because they need them
Heritable traits associated with reproductive success increase in frequency
Every mutation improves survival
All individuals reproduce equally

Which set gives the four conditions for natural selection?

Mutation, migration, extinction, and competition
Survival, intelligence, strength, and size
Variation in reproduction and traits, trait-fitness association, heritability
Predation, disease, climate, and age

What does evolutionary fitness mean?

Physical strength alone
Maximum lifespan
Ability to avoid every predator
Reproductive success

What is heritability?

The extent genetic differences contribute to trait variation
The proportion of organisms that survive
The number of offspring in one family
A trait being learned from parents

What is a mutation?

Any change in behavior
A change in genetic material
A trait acquired through practice
A response to a new predator

How can bacteria gain antibiotic resistance?

Exercise and acquired immunity
Learning from other bacteria
Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
Only by sexual reproduction

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Passing genes only from parent to child
An increase in chromosome number during growth
The movement of cells through soil
Gene movement between organisms outside parent-offspring inheritance

What is evolutionary altruism?

Helping another at a fitness cost to oneself
Helping only when both gain immediately
Any act that improves personal survival
Competing with genetic relatives

What is kin selection?

Selection that always favors unrelated individuals
Selection favoring help to genetic relatives through inclusive fitness
Selection acting only on siblings
Selection caused by teaching

What is Hamilton's rule?

C > rB
r + B = C
rB > C
B = C regardless of relatedness

In Hamilton's rule, what is r?

Rate of mutation
Reproductive age
Risk of predation
Genetic relatedness

In Hamilton's rule, what is B?

Fitness benefit to the recipient
Fitness cost to the helper
Genetic relatedness
Number of generations

In Hamilton's rule, what is C?

Fitness benefit to the recipient
Fitness cost to the helper
Chance of mutation
Number of relatives

What is typical parent-child relatedness?

25%
12.5%
50%
100%

What is typical full-sibling relatedness?

25%
12.5%
75%
50%

What is typical half-sibling relatedness?

25%
50%
12.5%
75%

What is typical first-cousin relatedness?

25%
12.5%
50%
6.25%

What is reciprocal altruism?

Helping only genetic relatives
Helping with no possible future interaction
Helping with the possibility of future help in return
Helping because offspring inherit the behavior directly

Which animal illustrates reciprocal altruism in lecture?

Sponges
Jellyfish
Skates
Vampire bats

What is cultural transmission?

Passing learned information between individuals
Passing only DNA to offspring
Mutation spreading through a population
Evolution of a new species

Why can cultural transmission change behavior quickly?

It prevents natural selection
It does not require genetic change across generations
It requires a new mutation first
It occurs only in humans

What is imitation?

Learning only by trial and error
Inheriting a learned behavior genetically
Learning by copying behavior
Learning without observing anything

What is social learning?

Learning exclusively from genes
Learning only through direct teaching
Learning only through mutation
Learning from observing others

What is teaching?

Actively helping another individual learn
Any behavior that happens near another
Only passing genes to offspring
Learning without social interaction

What does LUCA mean?

Last Unique Cellular Animal
Last Universal Common Ancestor
Largest Universal Clade of Animals
Living Universal Common Adaptation

What is Morganucodon?

A transitional fish fossil
The earliest flowering plant
An early mammal relative
A living reptile

What is colostrum?

Milk produced only after weaning
A hormone that causes labor
A mammal tooth structure
Early milk rich in immune-supporting components

What are oligosaccharides?

Short chains of sugar units
Proteins made of amino acids
Long chains of DNA
Minerals in bone

Which traits characterize mammals?

Feathers and beaks
Hair and milk production
Scales and gills in adulthood
Exoskeleton and jointed legs

Do all mammals have a placenta?

Yes, all mammals have an identical placenta
No mammals develop placentas
No, mammal reproductive strategies differ
Only reptiles develop placentas

What does metazoan mean?

Fungus
Plant
Single-celled bacterium
Animal

Which description fits animals?

Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes without cell walls
Photosynthetic prokaryotes with cell walls
Unicellular fungi with chloroplasts
Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose walls

Which major group is evolutionarily close to animals?

Plants
Fungi
Bacteria
Archaea

What are choanoflagellates?

The earliest land mammals
Extinct marine reptiles
Close living relatives of animals
A type of flowering plant

Why are sponges useful for studying evolution?

They are the first known mammals
They have the most complex brains
They evolved from modern jellyfish
They offer clues about early animal evolution

What nervous system do jellyfish have?

A nerve net
A mammalian cerebral cortex
A vertebrate spinal cord
No nerve cells of any kind

What is bilateral symmetry?

A body plan with five identical sections
A body plan with left and right mirror sides
A body plan with no organized axes
A body plan with identical top and bottom surfaces

What is phylogeny?

The study of one organism’s physiology
The process of individual growth
Evolutionary relationships among organisms
A measurement of fitness

What is evolutionary mismatch?

A mutation that always causes extinction
Two species having identical traits
Any variation within a population
An evolved trait fits poorly with a changed environment

What is mismatch in time?

Environments change faster than adaptation can keep up
A species moves to a new location
Organisms reproduce at the same time
All traits remain equally useful

What is mismatch in space?

Climate changes at the same location over time
A species encounters a different environment after moving
A species stops reproducing
A population loses all genetic variation

What does evolution as a tinkerer mean?

Evolution designs organisms from scratch
Evolution always produces perfect traits
Evolution modifies existing structures
Evolution works toward a fixed goal

Who described evolution as a tinkerer, not an engineer?

Louis Pasteur
Isaac Newton
Theodosius Dobzhansky
François Jacob

Who said chance favors the prepared mind?

Louis Pasteur
Charles Darwin
Peter Medawar
John Maynard Smith

Who used the phrase standing on the shoulders of giants?

François Jacob
Isaac Newton
Alfred Russel Wallace
Neil Shubin

Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution?

Charles Darwin
John Maynard Smith
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Peter Medawar

Who is associated with the quote that everyone thinks they understand evolution?

Isaac Newton
Louis Pasteur
Neil Shubin
John Maynard Smith

Who said that for a biologist, not thinking evolutionarily is not thinking?

Peter Medawar
Charles Darwin
François Jacob
Louis Pasteur

Who is associated with the quote about humans destroying species quickly?

John Maynard Smith
Victor Blanchard Scheffer
Isaac Newton
Alfred Russel Wallace

What is the professor’s classroom date for the Big Bang?

13.8 billion years ago
5 billion years ago
4 billion years ago
11 billion years ago

When did the solar system and Earth form?

4.6 billion years ago
3.9 billion years ago
5.8 billion years ago
1 billion years ago

When did metabolism begin according to the review?

800 million years ago
3.9 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
4.6 billion years ago

When did sexual reproduction begin according to the quiz?

500 million years ago
3.9 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
1 billion years ago

When did basic vertebrate brain organization develop?

500 million years ago
300 million years ago
200 million years ago
400 million years ago

When did the amphibian-to-reptile transition occur?

300 million years ago
375 million years ago
200 million years ago
500 million years ago

When did primates emerge in the course timeline?

5 million years ago
45 million years ago
65 million years ago
15 million years ago

When did early hominid evolutionary history begin in the review?

500,000 years ago
10,000 years ago
5 million years ago
45 million years ago

When did domestication and agriculture expand?

100,000 years ago
1 million years ago
5,000 years ago
10,000 years ago

When did the highly invasive placenta emerge according to the professor?

15 million years ago
45 million years ago
200 million years ago
5 million years ago

When did Morganucodon emerge in the review?

65 million years ago
200 million years ago
250 million years ago
375 million years ago

What percentage of species that have lived are extinct?

About 75%
About 90%
Over 99%
About 50%

What three features make a fossil-search site promising?

Correct age, igneous rock, deep burial
Recent rock, volcanic ash, underground layers
Oldest rock, metamorphic rock, dense vegetation
Correct age, sedimentary rock, exposed layers

Why did Shubin target rocks about 375 million years old?

They fall between older fish and younger tetrapod fossils
They mark the first appearance of mammals
They are the oldest rocks containing life
They correspond to the asteroid extinction

Which fossil ages bracketed Shubin’s search?

Fish ~400 mya and tetrapods ~100 mya
Fish ~385 mya and early tetrapods ~365 mya
Fish ~500 mya and tetrapods ~300 mya
Fish ~250 mya and tetrapods ~200 mya

Why was the Canadian Arctic useful for fossil hunting?

Dense forests with living fish
Deep ocean sediments inaccessible at the surface
Exposed sedimentary rocks of the right age
Recently formed volcanic rock

How does gentle stream flow affect fossil preservation?

It always destroys all skeletal material
It changes sedimentary rock into granite
It prevents any sediment from accumulating
It generally favors better preservation

100

Which Tiktaalik feature helped it move its head independently?

A distinct neck and separated shoulder region
A rigid skull fused to the shoulders
An elongated tail fin
Fully developed external ears

101

Which description best fits Tiktaalik’s head?

Narrow with eyes behind the shoulder
Flat with eyes toward the top
Rounded with eyes beneath the jaw
Tall with eyes on the neck

102

Which features show Tiktaalik was still a fish?

Feathers, wings and beak
Hooves, claws and placenta
Scales, fins, fin rays and gills
Fingers, hair and mammary glands

103

Why is Tiktaalik called a fish with a wrist?

Its fins had fully formed human fingers
Its front limbs were identical to human arms
Its tail had wrist bones
Its fins contained wrist-like joints and supporting bones

104

Which Tiktaalik traits were tetrapod-like?

Movable neck, strong ribs and wrist-like fins
Scales, fin rays and gills only
Feathers, hollow bones and wings
Hair, milk glands and digits

105

What does the word tetrapod literally mean?

Four vertebrae
Four feet
Four eyes
Two limbs

106

What did Richard Owen recognize in vertebrate limbs?

A lack of common bone structures
That fish fins were made of feathers
A shared underlying skeletal pattern
Identical limb functions in every species

107

What is the basic limb bone sequence?

Two bones, one bone, digits, small bones
Digits, ribs, vertebrae, skull
One bone, digits, two bones, skull
One bone, two bones, small bones, digits

108

Which bones are the two forearm bones?

Radius and ulna
Humerus and femur
Tibia and fibula
Carpals and tarsals

109

What makes vertebrate limbs homologous?

Being made from identical numbers of digits
Shared ancestry despite different functions
Identical functions without shared ancestry
Similar size in unrelated animals

110

What does the lungfish fin demonstrate?

The absence of all limb-like structures
A wing with feathers
A single proximal bone comparable to a limb bone
A fully formed human hand

111

What is Eusthenopteron important for?

It was the first bird with a wing
It had mammalian milk glands
It was the first primate
Its fin shows one-bone and two-bone arrangements

112

What is Acanthostega known for?

Early tetrapod limbs with digits
Fish fins lacking internal bones
The first mammalian placenta
A modern reptilian skeleton

113

What does Acanthostega suggest about early digits?

They developed only in flying vertebrates
They may have evolved for movement in water
They first evolved exclusively for running
They appeared after mammalian hands

114

What is the role of the pelvis in limb evolution?

Connects the skull to the shoulders
Produces signals that create scales
Attaches and supports hind limbs
Controls digit identity through hormones

115

What is the main idea of Your Inner Fish Chapter 3?

Hands and fins use entirely unrelated genes
Human hands evolved independently of vertebrate ancestry
All digits form without genetic signals
Fins and hands share ancient developmental mechanisms

116

Where is the ZPA located in a developing limb bud?

Posterior side
Anterior side
Center of the developing skull
Inside the mature bone marrow

117

What happens when ZPA tissue is transplanted to the opposite side?

No digit pattern changes are possible
Mirror-image extra digits may develop
The entire limb disappears
The limb becomes a fin immediately

118

What is the relationship between ZPA and Sonic hedgehog?

Both are names for mature fingers
Both are hormones produced by the placenta
ZPA is a tissue region and SHH is a signaling gene active there
ZPA is a gene and SHH is a bone

119

How does Sonic hedgehog help determine digit identities?

It determines digits only by blood pressure
It changes scales into hair directly
It prevents all cell differentiation
Cells respond to different signaling levels and durations

120

What can retinoic acid cause in experimental limb buds?

Ectopic SHH signaling and duplicated digits
Immediate formation of fully grown limbs
Elimination of all signaling proteins
Conversion of cartilage into blood cells

121

Why was the gene named hedgehog?

It was discovered in fossilized sea urchins
Mutant fruit fly embryos had a spiky appearance
It was first found in hedgehog mammals
It controls the formation of animal spines only

122

Why did scientists study skate fin development?

To measure human generation time
To find the first terrestrial plant
To compare fin and limb developmental genes
To determine mammal placental anatomy

123

What did skate studies support?

Completely unrelated genetic programs in fish and humans
The absence of SHH in all fish
That fins appeared after human hands
Conserved developmental mechanisms in fins and limbs

124

What does descent with modification mean?

Inherited traits can change across generations
All offspring are exact genetic copies
Individuals evolve new species during their lifetimes
Evolution always creates perfect structures

125

Which list gives taxonomy from broadest to narrowest?

Domain, phylum, kingdom, order, class, genus, family, species
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
Kingdom, domain, class, phylum, family, order, species, genus

126

Which trait is least unique to animals according to the quiz?

Heterotrophy
Eukaryotic cells
Flight
Multicellularity

127

Why is sex advantageous in evolutionary terms?

It guarantees every offspring survives
It prevents mutation in offspring
It eliminates selection
It generates genetic variation

128

Is a eukaryotic cell required for an organism to be alive?

No, prokaryotes are alive too
Yes, all living cells have nuclei
Yes, only animals are alive
No, because viruses have nuclei

129

What are the three major vertebrate brain divisions?

Thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Cerebrum, spinal cord, retina
Left brain, right brain, cerebellum

130

Which brain division is associated with higher-level cognition?

Hindbrain
Spinal cord
Forebrain
Midbrain

131

Which brain division has major sensory and motor roles?

Forebrain only
Hindbrain only
Cerebellum only
Midbrain

132

Which brain division supports many basic reflex functions?

Hindbrain
Forebrain
Cerebral cortex only
Hippocampus only

133

What does the tube-within-a-tube animal body plan refer to?

Two independent hearts
A digestive tract extending through the body
Two separate skeletons
A nervous system inside a second brain

134

How are fungi related to animals?

Fungi are classified as plants
Animals are descended from modern mushrooms
They share a more recent ancestor than either shares with plants
Fungi evolved directly from modern animals

135

What is horizontal cultural transmission?

Genes passed from parents to offspring
Learning passed only from parent to child
DNA passed between unrelated bacteria
Learning passed among members of the same generation

136

How is horizontal gene transfer different from cultural transmission?

It transfers genetic material rather than learned information
It transfers behavior rather than DNA
It occurs only through teaching
It cannot occur between bacteria

137

How did chimpanzees learn termite fishing in the quiz?

Human instruction alone
Social learning from other chimps
Formal classroom teaching
Genetic inheritance of the entire technique

138

Why is agriculture an evolutionary mismatch?

Agriculture stopped natural selection
Humans never ate plants before farming
Rapid environmental change outpaced many older adaptations
Humans evolved only after agriculture

139

Which example was NOT a mismatch in the professor’s quiz?

Wisdom teeth
High-calorie diet
Agriculture
Violence

140

What kind of mismatch does agriculture illustrate?

Mismatch in time
Mismatch in space
Genetic drift
Horizontal gene transfer

141

What does fecundity mean?

Rate of cultural learning
Reproductive output or capacity
Length of life only
Degree of genetic relatedness

142

In the altruism quiz, what did expense refer to?

Habitat and population size
Mutation and recombination
Fitness and fecundity
Body size and lifespan

143

Which statement about altruism is NOT true?

It can benefit the recipient
It can involve kin selection
It can involve reciprocity
It always reduces both individuals’ fitness

144

Can altruism occur between different species?

Yes, it can
No, it is restricted to full siblings
No, it occurs only among humans
No, it requires identical genes

145

What was the professor’s quiz answer about helping similar-looking people?

Resemblance eliminates altruism
People may be more likely to help them
People always avoid them
Resemblance guarantees full-sibling relatedness

146

Which hormone is linked with mother-infant bonding?

Melatonin
Adrenaline
Oxytocin
Cortisol

147

What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?

Probiotics are microbes while prebiotics feed beneficial microbes
Probiotics are hormones while prebiotics are genes
Probiotics feed microbes while prebiotics are antibiotics
Both are types of immune cells

148

What is one immune benefit of breastfeeding?

It stops all microbial colonization
It transfers protective immune factors to infants
It replaces the infant’s entire immune system
It prevents every infection permanently

149

Can males lactate under unusual physiological conditions?

No, lactation requires pregnancy in every case
Yes, but only in nonmammalian animals
Yes
No, mammary tissue exists only in females

150

What is the placenta’s main function?

Produce all of the infant’s blood cells
Replace the mother’s digestive tract
Directly connect maternal and fetal blood in every species
Exchange nutrients, gases and wastes with the fetus

151

Which environment was targeted for bacteria used against tumors in the notes?

Low oxygen
High oxygen
High salinity
Extremely dry

152

What condition can result from downward pressure on pelvic organs?

Metamorphosis
Prolapse
Speciation
Lactation

153

What can influence sex differentiation during development?

Only cultural teaching
Only dietary fiber
Hormonal signals and developmental pathways
Only the adult environment

154

What does the quiz say about human instincts compared with other animals?

Humans have no learned behaviors
Humans have more instincts than all other animals
All animal instincts arise from teaching
Humans are born with relatively fewer instincts

155

What does parsimony mean in scientific reasoning?

Prefer the simplest adequate explanation
Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
Always choose the newest explanation
Reject explanations involving evolution

156

What does serendipity mean?

The oldest common ancestor
A fortunate discovery by chance
Genetic change by natural selection
Unrelated species evolving the same trait

157

Which factors can cities change according to the quiz?

Only light penetration
Only wind
Climate, wind, light and temperature
Only temperature

158

Which statement about urban biodiversity matches the quiz?

Cities have no living species
All cities contain identical organisms
Cities prevent any evolutionary change
Cities can support biodiversity

159

What evolutionary process did subway mosquito populations illustrate in the notes?

Speciation
Lactation
Kin selection
Artificial insemination

160

What do urban coyotes and bears illustrate?

Only domesticated animals can inhabit cities
Some wild vertebrates can thrive in cities
All vertebrates avoid urban areas
Cities prevent adaptation

161

Why can cities be compared with islands?

No organisms can travel between cities
Urban species have identical genes
Urban habitats can isolate populations
All cities are surrounded by oceans

162

What was the soybean gene-editing example intended to increase?

Milk production
Invasive placentation
Nervous system size
Carbon storage in roots

163

What is the professor’s answer about religion and evolution?

He did not say students must choose one
He said evolution disproves all religions
He said religion is a branch of genetics
He said evolution is not a scientific subject

164

What did the professor say about evolutionary explanations changing?

They cannot be tested
They can change as new evidence appears
They never change once published
They change only by public vote

165

Which country had highest acceptance of evolution on the course graph?

Turkey
France
Iceland
United States

166

Which country had lowest acceptance on the course graph?

Iceland
United States
Sweden
Turkey

167

Which country was second-lowest on the course graph?

United States
Iceland
Turkey
Denmark

168

Who was credited with the quote about standing on giants’ shoulders?

Louis Pasteur
Isaac Newton
Niels Bohr
Richard Feynman

169

Who was credited with the quote about experts making mistakes in narrow fields?

François Jacob
Thomas Huxley
Niels Bohr
John Maynard Smith

170

Who was credited with preferring unanswered questions to unquestioned answers?

Louis Pasteur
Peter Medawar
Charles Darwin
Richard Feynman

171

Who was credited with the quote about intelligence and ability to change?

Albert Einstein
E. O. Wilson
Thomas Huxley
Isaac Newton

172

Who was credited with the quote about biology and diversity?

Niels Bohr
E. O. Wilson
Louis Pasteur
François Jacob

173

Who was credited with the quote about intellectual and physical struggle?

Peter Medawar
Isaac Newton
Thomas Henry Huxley
John Maynard Smith

174

Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution?

Charles Darwin
Richard Owen
Niels Bohr
Theodosius Dobzhansky

175

What equation represents the equivalence of mass and energy?

E = mc²
F = ma
rB > C
p = mv

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