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evolutionary biology outlearn updated

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1
What is biology?
  • The scientific study of life
  • The study of inherited traits only
  • The study of ecosystems only
  • The study of living and nonliving matter equally
2
In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?
  • 1809
  • 1859
  • 1835
  • 1900
3
When was Charles Darwin born?
  • February 12, 1859
  • November 24, 1809
  • February 12, 1809
  • February 12, 1819
4
Who was born on the same day as Darwin?
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Isaac Newton
  • Thomas Huxley
  • Abraham Lincoln
5
Who independently developed natural selection?
  • Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Darwin and Gregor Mendel
  • Darwin and Thomas Huxley
  • Wallace and Louis Pasteur
6
What is a proximate explanation?
  • Why natural selection favored a trait
  • How a trait or behavior works
  • How a species originated millions of years ago
  • Why a trait increases fitness
7
What is an ultimate explanation?
  • What immediate hormone causes a behavior
  • Which muscles produce a movement
  • Why a trait evolved
  • How a cell responds to a signal
8
What is Occam's razor?
  • Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
  • Prefer the oldest explanation
  • Prefer the most detailed explanation regardless of evidence
  • Prefer the simplest explanation consistent with evidence
9
What does extant mean?
  • Still living today
  • Recently extinct
  • Preserved as a fossil
  • Evolutionarily unchanged
10
What is generation time?
  • Length of an organism’s entire life
  • Average time between generations
  • Time needed for one mutation
  • Age of the oldest fossil
11
Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
  • They never mutate
  • They reproduce only sexually
  • Short generation times
  • They are unaffected by selection
12
What is the central idea of Your Inner Fish?
  • Modern humans descended from modern salmon
  • All fish became land animals
  • Human limbs evolved independently of fish fins
  • Humans share ancestry with ancient fish
13
Who wrote Your Inner Fish?
  • Neil Shubin
  • Richard Dawkins
  • Charles Darwin
  • Stephen Jay Gould
14
What is Tiktaalik?
  • The first modern amphibian
  • A fossil fish with tetrapod-like features
  • An early mammal
  • A living cartilaginous fish
15
Why is Tiktaalik important?
  • It proves mammals evolved before fish
  • It was the first vertebrate with feathers
  • It shows features of the fish-to-tetrapod transition
  • It is the oldest known organism
16
Where was Tiktaalik discovered?
  • Antarctica
  • Eastern Africa
  • Southern Australia
  • Arctic Canada
17
Which rock type often preserves fossils?
  • Sedimentary
  • Igneous
  • Metamorphic
  • Volcanic glass
18
Where are older fossils generally found in undisturbed strata?
  • Upper layers
  • Lower layers
  • Only at the surface
  • Equally in all layers
19
What is a tetrapod?
  • Any animal with four legs
  • Any fish with paired fins
  • A vertebrate with four-limbed ancestry
  • A mammal with four limbs only
20
Approximately when was the fish-to-tetrapod transition?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 250 million years ago
  • 65 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
21
What is the key limb-evolution point in Your Inner Fish Chapter 2?
  • Fish fins and tetrapod limbs share underlying structures
  • Fish fins and human arms have no shared ancestry
  • All limb bones arose independently
  • Human digits appeared before fish fins
22
What does ZPA stand for?
  • Zone of Protein Activation
  • Zone of Polarizing Activity
  • Zygotic Patterning Area
  • Zoological Polar Axis
23
What does the ZPA influence?
  • The color of adult skin
  • The timing of tooth eruption
  • The pattern of digits in a developing limb
  • The number of vertebrae in all animals
24
What is Sonic hedgehog?
  • A bone found in Tiktaalik
  • A type of sedimentary rock
  • A protein found only in mammals
  • A developmental signaling gene
25
How can vitamin A relate to limb development?
  • Retinoic acid can influence developmental signaling
  • Vitamin A directly becomes limb bone
  • It stops all gene expression
  • It determines adult body temperature
26
What are skates?
  • Early four-limbed mammals
  • Cartilaginous fish related to sharks
  • Bony fish that live only in rivers
  • Extinct amphibians
27
Approximately when did life begin on Earth?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
  • 3.8–4 billion years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
28
Approximately when did multicellular life become established?
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 65 million years ago
  • 4 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
29
Approximately when was the Cambrian explosion?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
  • 60 million years ago
30
Approximately when did early reptiles appear?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 300 million years ago
  • 60 million years ago
  • 10 million years ago
31
Approximately when did early mammals appear?
  • 375 million years ago
  • 500 million years ago
  • 200–250 million years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
32
Approximately when was the dinosaur-ending asteroid impact?
  • 375 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 60–66 million years ago
33
Approximately when did agriculture expand?
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 100,000 years ago
  • 1 million years ago
  • 60 million years ago
34
What is natural selection?
  • Individuals evolve traits because they need them
  • Heritable traits associated with reproductive success increase in frequency
  • Every mutation improves survival
  • All individuals reproduce equally
35
Which set gives the four conditions for natural selection?
  • Mutation, migration, extinction, and competition
  • Survival, intelligence, strength, and size
  • Variation in reproduction and traits, trait-fitness association, heritability
  • Predation, disease, climate, and age
36
What does evolutionary fitness mean?
  • Physical strength alone
  • Maximum lifespan
  • Ability to avoid every predator
  • Reproductive success
37
What is heritability?
  • The extent genetic differences contribute to trait variation
  • The proportion of organisms that survive
  • The number of offspring in one family
  • A trait being learned from parents
38
What is a mutation?
  • Any change in behavior
  • A change in genetic material
  • A trait acquired through practice
  • A response to a new predator
39
How can bacteria gain antibiotic resistance?
  • Exercise and acquired immunity
  • Learning from other bacteria
  • Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
  • Only by sexual reproduction
40
What is horizontal gene transfer?
  • Passing genes only from parent to child
  • An increase in chromosome number during growth
  • The movement of cells through soil
  • Gene movement between organisms outside parent-offspring inheritance
41
What is evolutionary altruism?
  • Helping another at a fitness cost to oneself
  • Helping only when both gain immediately
  • Any act that improves personal survival
  • Competing with genetic relatives
42
What is kin selection?
  • Selection that always favors unrelated individuals
  • Selection favoring help to genetic relatives through inclusive fitness
  • Selection acting only on siblings
  • Selection caused by teaching
43
What is Hamilton's rule?
  • C > rB
  • r + B = C
  • rB > C
  • B = C regardless of relatedness
44
In Hamilton's rule, what is r?
  • Rate of mutation
  • Reproductive age
  • Risk of predation
  • Genetic relatedness
45
In Hamilton's rule, what is B?
  • Fitness benefit to the recipient
  • Fitness cost to the helper
  • Genetic relatedness
  • Number of generations
46
In Hamilton's rule, what is C?
  • Fitness benefit to the recipient
  • Fitness cost to the helper
  • Chance of mutation
  • Number of relatives
47
What is typical parent-child relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 50%
  • 100%
48
What is typical full-sibling relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 75%
  • 50%
49
What is typical half-sibling relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 12.5%
  • 75%
50
What is typical first-cousin relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 50%
  • 6.25%
51
What is reciprocal altruism?
  • Helping only genetic relatives
  • Helping with no possible future interaction
  • Helping with the possibility of future help in return
  • Helping because offspring inherit the behavior directly
52
Which animal illustrates reciprocal altruism in lecture?
  • Sponges
  • Jellyfish
  • Skates
  • Vampire bats
53
What is cultural transmission?
  • Passing learned information between individuals
  • Passing only DNA to offspring
  • Mutation spreading through a population
  • Evolution of a new species
54
Why can cultural transmission change behavior quickly?
  • It prevents natural selection
  • It does not require genetic change across generations
  • It requires a new mutation first
  • It occurs only in humans
55
What is imitation?
  • Learning only by trial and error
  • Inheriting a learned behavior genetically
  • Learning by copying behavior
  • Learning without observing anything
56
What is social learning?
  • Learning exclusively from genes
  • Learning only through direct teaching
  • Learning only through mutation
  • Learning from observing others
57
What is teaching?
  • Actively helping another individual learn
  • Any behavior that happens near another
  • Only passing genes to offspring
  • Learning without social interaction
58
What does LUCA mean?
  • Last Unique Cellular Animal
  • Last Universal Common Ancestor
  • Largest Universal Clade of Animals
  • Living Universal Common Adaptation
59
What is Morganucodon?
  • A transitional fish fossil
  • The earliest flowering plant
  • An early mammal relative
  • A living reptile
60
What is colostrum?
  • Milk produced only after weaning
  • A hormone that causes labor
  • A mammal tooth structure
  • Early milk rich in immune-supporting components
61
What are oligosaccharides?
  • Short chains of sugar units
  • Proteins made of amino acids
  • Long chains of DNA
  • Minerals in bone
62
Which traits characterize mammals?
  • Feathers and beaks
  • Hair and milk production
  • Scales and gills in adulthood
  • Exoskeleton and jointed legs
63
Do all mammals have a placenta?
  • Yes, all mammals have an identical placenta
  • No mammals develop placentas
  • No, mammal reproductive strategies differ
  • Only reptiles develop placentas
64
What does metazoan mean?
  • Fungus
  • Plant
  • Single-celled bacterium
  • Animal
65
Which description fits animals?
  • Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes without cell walls
  • Photosynthetic prokaryotes with cell walls
  • Unicellular fungi with chloroplasts
  • Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose walls
66
Which major group is evolutionarily close to animals?
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
67
What are choanoflagellates?
  • The earliest land mammals
  • Extinct marine reptiles
  • Close living relatives of animals
  • A type of flowering plant
68
Why are sponges useful for studying evolution?
  • They are the first known mammals
  • They have the most complex brains
  • They evolved from modern jellyfish
  • They offer clues about early animal evolution
69
What nervous system do jellyfish have?
  • A nerve net
  • A mammalian cerebral cortex
  • A vertebrate spinal cord
  • No nerve cells of any kind
70
What is bilateral symmetry?
  • A body plan with five identical sections
  • A body plan with left and right mirror sides
  • A body plan with no organized axes
  • A body plan with identical top and bottom surfaces
71
What is phylogeny?
  • The study of one organism’s physiology
  • The process of individual growth
  • Evolutionary relationships among organisms
  • A measurement of fitness
72
What is evolutionary mismatch?
  • A mutation that always causes extinction
  • Two species having identical traits
  • Any variation within a population
  • An evolved trait fits poorly with a changed environment
73
What is mismatch in time?
  • Environments change faster than adaptation can keep up
  • A species moves to a new location
  • Organisms reproduce at the same time
  • All traits remain equally useful
74
What is mismatch in space?
  • Climate changes at the same location over time
  • A species encounters a different environment after moving
  • A species stops reproducing
  • A population loses all genetic variation
75
What does evolution as a tinkerer mean?
  • Evolution designs organisms from scratch
  • Evolution always produces perfect traits
  • Evolution modifies existing structures
  • Evolution works toward a fixed goal
76
Who described evolution as a tinkerer, not an engineer?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Isaac Newton
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
  • François Jacob
77
Who said chance favors the prepared mind?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Charles Darwin
  • Peter Medawar
  • John Maynard Smith
78
Who used the phrase standing on the shoulders of giants?
  • François Jacob
  • Isaac Newton
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Neil Shubin
79
Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution?
  • Charles Darwin
  • John Maynard Smith
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
  • Peter Medawar
80
Who is associated with the quote that everyone thinks they understand evolution?
  • Isaac Newton
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Neil Shubin
  • John Maynard Smith
81
Who said that for a biologist, not thinking evolutionarily is not thinking?
  • Peter Medawar
  • Charles Darwin
  • François Jacob
  • Louis Pasteur
82
Who is associated with the quote about humans destroying species quickly?
  • John Maynard Smith
  • Victor Blanchard Scheffer
  • Isaac Newton
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
83
What is the professor’s classroom date for the Big Bang?
  • 13.8 billion years ago
  • 5 billion years ago
  • 4 billion years ago
  • 11 billion years ago
84
When did the solar system and Earth form?
  • 4.6 billion years ago
  • 3.9 billion years ago
  • 5.8 billion years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
85
When did metabolism begin according to the review?
  • 800 million years ago
  • 3.9 billion years ago
  • 1.5 billion years ago
  • 4.6 billion years ago
86
When did sexual reproduction begin according to the quiz?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 3.9 billion years ago
  • 1.5 billion years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
87
When did basic vertebrate brain organization develop?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 300 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 400 million years ago
88
When did the amphibian-to-reptile transition occur?
  • 300 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 500 million years ago
89
When did primates emerge in the course timeline?
  • 5 million years ago
  • 45 million years ago
  • 65 million years ago
  • 15 million years ago
90
When did early hominid evolutionary history begin in the review?
  • 500,000 years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 5 million years ago
  • 45 million years ago
91
When did domestication and agriculture expand?
  • 100,000 years ago
  • 1 million years ago
  • 5,000 years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
92
When did the highly invasive placenta emerge according to the professor?
  • 15 million years ago
  • 45 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 5 million years ago
93
When did Morganucodon emerge in the review?
  • 65 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 250 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
94
What percentage of species that have lived are extinct?
  • About 75%
  • About 90%
  • Over 99%
  • About 50%
95
What three features make a fossil-search site promising?
  • Correct age, igneous rock, deep burial
  • Recent rock, volcanic ash, underground layers
  • Oldest rock, metamorphic rock, dense vegetation
  • Correct age, sedimentary rock, exposed layers
96
Why did Shubin target rocks about 375 million years old?
  • They fall between older fish and younger tetrapod fossils
  • They mark the first appearance of mammals
  • They are the oldest rocks containing life
  • They correspond to the asteroid extinction
97
Which fossil ages bracketed Shubin’s search?
  • Fish ~400 mya and tetrapods ~100 mya
  • Fish ~385 mya and early tetrapods ~365 mya
  • Fish ~500 mya and tetrapods ~300 mya
  • Fish ~250 mya and tetrapods ~200 mya
98
Why was the Canadian Arctic useful for fossil hunting?
  • Dense forests with living fish
  • Deep ocean sediments inaccessible at the surface
  • Exposed sedimentary rocks of the right age
  • Recently formed volcanic rock
99
How does gentle stream flow affect fossil preservation?
  • It always destroys all skeletal material
  • It changes sedimentary rock into granite
  • It prevents any sediment from accumulating
  • It generally favors better preservation
100
Which Tiktaalik feature helped it move its head independently?
  • A distinct neck and separated shoulder region
  • A rigid skull fused to the shoulders
  • An elongated tail fin
  • Fully developed external ears
101
Which description best fits Tiktaalik’s head?
  • Narrow with eyes behind the shoulder
  • Flat with eyes toward the top
  • Rounded with eyes beneath the jaw
  • Tall with eyes on the neck
102
Which features show Tiktaalik was still a fish?
  • Feathers, wings and beak
  • Hooves, claws and placenta
  • Scales, fins, fin rays and gills
  • Fingers, hair and mammary glands
103
Why is Tiktaalik called a fish with a wrist?
  • Its fins had fully formed human fingers
  • Its front limbs were identical to human arms
  • Its tail had wrist bones
  • Its fins contained wrist-like joints and supporting bones
104
Which Tiktaalik traits were tetrapod-like?
  • Movable neck, strong ribs and wrist-like fins
  • Scales, fin rays and gills only
  • Feathers, hollow bones and wings
  • Hair, milk glands and digits
105
What does the word tetrapod literally mean?
  • Four vertebrae
  • Four feet
  • Four eyes
  • Two limbs
106
What did Richard Owen recognize in vertebrate limbs?
  • A lack of common bone structures
  • That fish fins were made of feathers
  • A shared underlying skeletal pattern
  • Identical limb functions in every species
107
What is the basic limb bone sequence?
  • Two bones, one bone, digits, small bones
  • Digits, ribs, vertebrae, skull
  • One bone, digits, two bones, skull
  • One bone, two bones, small bones, digits
108
Which bones are the two forearm bones?
  • Radius and ulna
  • Humerus and femur
  • Tibia and fibula
  • Carpals and tarsals
109
What makes vertebrate limbs homologous?
  • Being made from identical numbers of digits
  • Shared ancestry despite different functions
  • Identical functions without shared ancestry
  • Similar size in unrelated animals
110
What does the lungfish fin demonstrate?
  • The absence of all limb-like structures
  • A wing with feathers
  • A single proximal bone comparable to a limb bone
  • A fully formed human hand
111
What is Eusthenopteron important for?
  • It was the first bird with a wing
  • It had mammalian milk glands
  • It was the first primate
  • Its fin shows one-bone and two-bone arrangements
112
What is Acanthostega known for?
  • Early tetrapod limbs with digits
  • Fish fins lacking internal bones
  • The first mammalian placenta
  • A modern reptilian skeleton
113
What does Acanthostega suggest about early digits?
  • They developed only in flying vertebrates
  • They may have evolved for movement in water
  • They first evolved exclusively for running
  • They appeared after mammalian hands
114
What is the role of the pelvis in limb evolution?
  • Connects the skull to the shoulders
  • Produces signals that create scales
  • Attaches and supports hind limbs
  • Controls digit identity through hormones
115
What is the main idea of Your Inner Fish Chapter 3?
  • Hands and fins use entirely unrelated genes
  • Human hands evolved independently of vertebrate ancestry
  • All digits form without genetic signals
  • Fins and hands share ancient developmental mechanisms
116
Where is the ZPA located in a developing limb bud?
  • Posterior side
  • Anterior side
  • Center of the developing skull
  • Inside the mature bone marrow
117
What happens when ZPA tissue is transplanted to the opposite side?
  • No digit pattern changes are possible
  • Mirror-image extra digits may develop
  • The entire limb disappears
  • The limb becomes a fin immediately
118
What is the relationship between ZPA and Sonic hedgehog?
  • Both are names for mature fingers
  • Both are hormones produced by the placenta
  • ZPA is a tissue region and SHH is a signaling gene active there
  • ZPA is a gene and SHH is a bone
119
How does Sonic hedgehog help determine digit identities?
  • It determines digits only by blood pressure
  • It changes scales into hair directly
  • It prevents all cell differentiation
  • Cells respond to different signaling levels and durations
120
What can retinoic acid cause in experimental limb buds?
  • Ectopic SHH signaling and duplicated digits
  • Immediate formation of fully grown limbs
  • Elimination of all signaling proteins
  • Conversion of cartilage into blood cells
121
Why was the gene named hedgehog?
  • It was discovered in fossilized sea urchins
  • Mutant fruit fly embryos had a spiky appearance
  • It was first found in hedgehog mammals
  • It controls the formation of animal spines only
122
Why did scientists study skate fin development?
  • To measure human generation time
  • To find the first terrestrial plant
  • To compare fin and limb developmental genes
  • To determine mammal placental anatomy
123
What did skate studies support?
  • Completely unrelated genetic programs in fish and humans
  • The absence of SHH in all fish
  • That fins appeared after human hands
  • Conserved developmental mechanisms in fins and limbs
124
What does descent with modification mean?
  • Inherited traits can change across generations
  • All offspring are exact genetic copies
  • Individuals evolve new species during their lifetimes
  • Evolution always creates perfect structures
125
Which list gives taxonomy from broadest to narrowest?
  • Domain, phylum, kingdom, order, class, genus, family, species
  • Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
  • Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
  • Kingdom, domain, class, phylum, family, order, species, genus
126
Which trait is least unique to animals according to the quiz?
  • Heterotrophy
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Flight
  • Multicellularity
127
Why is sex advantageous in evolutionary terms?
  • It guarantees every offspring survives
  • It prevents mutation in offspring
  • It eliminates selection
  • It generates genetic variation
128
Is a eukaryotic cell required for an organism to be alive?
  • No, prokaryotes are alive too
  • Yes, all living cells have nuclei
  • Yes, only animals are alive
  • No, because viruses have nuclei
129
What are the three major vertebrate brain divisions?
  • Thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex
  • Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
  • Cerebrum, spinal cord, retina
  • Left brain, right brain, cerebellum
130
Which brain division is associated with higher-level cognition?
  • Hindbrain
  • Spinal cord
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
131
Which brain division has major sensory and motor roles?
  • Forebrain only
  • Hindbrain only
  • Cerebellum only
  • Midbrain
132
Which brain division supports many basic reflex functions?
  • Hindbrain
  • Forebrain
  • Cerebral cortex only
  • Hippocampus only
133
What does the tube-within-a-tube animal body plan refer to?
  • Two independent hearts
  • A digestive tract extending through the body
  • Two separate skeletons
  • A nervous system inside a second brain
134
How are fungi related to animals?
  • Fungi are classified as plants
  • Animals are descended from modern mushrooms
  • They share a more recent ancestor than either shares with plants
  • Fungi evolved directly from modern animals
135
What is horizontal cultural transmission?
  • Genes passed from parents to offspring
  • Learning passed only from parent to child
  • DNA passed between unrelated bacteria
  • Learning passed among members of the same generation
136
How is horizontal gene transfer different from cultural transmission?
  • It transfers genetic material rather than learned information
  • It transfers behavior rather than DNA
  • It occurs only through teaching
  • It cannot occur between bacteria
137
How did chimpanzees learn termite fishing in the quiz?
  • Human instruction alone
  • Social learning from other chimps
  • Formal classroom teaching
  • Genetic inheritance of the entire technique
138
Why is agriculture an evolutionary mismatch?
  • Agriculture stopped natural selection
  • Humans never ate plants before farming
  • Rapid environmental change outpaced many older adaptations
  • Humans evolved only after agriculture
139
Which example was NOT a mismatch in the professor’s quiz?
  • Wisdom teeth
  • High-calorie diet
  • Agriculture
  • Violence
140
What kind of mismatch does agriculture illustrate?
  • Mismatch in time
  • Mismatch in space
  • Genetic drift
  • Horizontal gene transfer
141
What does fecundity mean?
  • Rate of cultural learning
  • Reproductive output or capacity
  • Length of life only
  • Degree of genetic relatedness
142
In the altruism quiz, what did expense refer to?
  • Habitat and population size
  • Mutation and recombination
  • Fitness and fecundity
  • Body size and lifespan
143
Which statement about altruism is NOT true?
  • It can benefit the recipient
  • It can involve kin selection
  • It can involve reciprocity
  • It always reduces both individuals’ fitness
144
Can altruism occur between different species?
  • Yes, it can
  • No, it is restricted to full siblings
  • No, it occurs only among humans
  • No, it requires identical genes
145
What was the professor’s quiz answer about helping similar-looking people?
  • Resemblance eliminates altruism
  • People may be more likely to help them
  • People always avoid them
  • Resemblance guarantees full-sibling relatedness
146
Which hormone is linked with mother-infant bonding?
  • Melatonin
  • Adrenaline
  • Oxytocin
  • Cortisol
147
What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?
  • Probiotics are microbes while prebiotics feed beneficial microbes
  • Probiotics are hormones while prebiotics are genes
  • Probiotics feed microbes while prebiotics are antibiotics
  • Both are types of immune cells
148
What is one immune benefit of breastfeeding?
  • It stops all microbial colonization
  • It transfers protective immune factors to infants
  • It replaces the infant’s entire immune system
  • It prevents every infection permanently
149
Can males lactate under unusual physiological conditions?
  • No, lactation requires pregnancy in every case
  • Yes, but only in nonmammalian animals
  • Yes
  • No, mammary tissue exists only in females
150
What is the placenta’s main function?
  • Produce all of the infant’s blood cells
  • Replace the mother’s digestive tract
  • Directly connect maternal and fetal blood in every species
  • Exchange nutrients, gases and wastes with the fetus
151
Which environment was targeted for bacteria used against tumors in the notes?
  • Low oxygen
  • High oxygen
  • High salinity
  • Extremely dry
152
What condition can result from downward pressure on pelvic organs?
  • Metamorphosis
  • Prolapse
  • Speciation
  • Lactation
153
What can influence sex differentiation during development?
  • Only cultural teaching
  • Only dietary fiber
  • Hormonal signals and developmental pathways
  • Only the adult environment
154
What does the quiz say about human instincts compared with other animals?
  • Humans have no learned behaviors
  • Humans have more instincts than all other animals
  • All animal instincts arise from teaching
  • Humans are born with relatively fewer instincts
155
What does parsimony mean in scientific reasoning?
  • Prefer the simplest adequate explanation
  • Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
  • Always choose the newest explanation
  • Reject explanations involving evolution
156
What does serendipity mean?
  • The oldest common ancestor
  • A fortunate discovery by chance
  • Genetic change by natural selection
  • Unrelated species evolving the same trait
157
Which factors can cities change according to the quiz?
  • Only light penetration
  • Only wind
  • Climate, wind, light and temperature
  • Only temperature
158
Which statement about urban biodiversity matches the quiz?
  • Cities have no living species
  • All cities contain identical organisms
  • Cities prevent any evolutionary change
  • Cities can support biodiversity
159
What evolutionary process did subway mosquito populations illustrate in the notes?
  • Speciation
  • Lactation
  • Kin selection
  • Artificial insemination
160
What do urban coyotes and bears illustrate?
  • Only domesticated animals can inhabit cities
  • Some wild vertebrates can thrive in cities
  • All vertebrates avoid urban areas
  • Cities prevent adaptation
161
Why can cities be compared with islands?
  • No organisms can travel between cities
  • Urban species have identical genes
  • Urban habitats can isolate populations
  • All cities are surrounded by oceans
162
What was the soybean gene-editing example intended to increase?
  • Milk production
  • Invasive placentation
  • Nervous system size
  • Carbon storage in roots
163
What is the professor’s answer about religion and evolution?
  • He did not say students must choose one
  • He said evolution disproves all religions
  • He said religion is a branch of genetics
  • He said evolution is not a scientific subject
164
What did the professor say about evolutionary explanations changing?
  • They cannot be tested
  • They can change as new evidence appears
  • They never change once published
  • They change only by public vote
165
Which country had highest acceptance of evolution on the course graph?
  • Turkey
  • France
  • Iceland
  • United States
166
Which country had lowest acceptance on the course graph?
  • Iceland
  • United States
  • Sweden
  • Turkey
167
Which country was second-lowest on the course graph?
  • United States
  • Iceland
  • Turkey
  • Denmark
168
Who was credited with the quote about standing on giants’ shoulders?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Isaac Newton
  • Niels Bohr
  • Richard Feynman
169
Who was credited with the quote about experts making mistakes in narrow fields?
  • François Jacob
  • Thomas Huxley
  • Niels Bohr
  • John Maynard Smith
170
Who was credited with preferring unanswered questions to unquestioned answers?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Peter Medawar
  • Charles Darwin
  • Richard Feynman
171
Who was credited with the quote about intelligence and ability to change?
  • Albert Einstein
  • E. O. Wilson
  • Thomas Huxley
  • Isaac Newton
172
Who was credited with the quote about biology and diversity?
  • Niels Bohr
  • E. O. Wilson
  • Louis Pasteur
  • François Jacob
173
Who was credited with the quote about intellectual and physical struggle?
  • Peter Medawar
  • Isaac Newton
  • Thomas Henry Huxley
  • John Maynard Smith
174
Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution?
  • Charles Darwin
  • Richard Owen
  • Niels Bohr
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
175
What equation represents the equivalence of mass and energy?
  • E = mc²
  • F = ma
  • rB > C
  • p = mv
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