Skeletal System and Bone Anatomy
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1
what is the primary mineral in bone?
hydroxyapatite
2
what is the cell type responsible for maintaining bone once it is formed?
osteocyte
3
what is the primary function of osteoclasts?
bone resorption
4
if a patient is hit on the back of their head, what bone is injured?
occipital bone
5
where is the lambdoidal suture located?
between occipital and parietal bones
6
your patient has stenosis of the foramen magnum. what is affected?
spinal cordrainstem
7
what do ligaments attach together?
bone to bone
8
what holds the femur in the acetabulum?
ligamentum teres through fovea capitis
9
what do tendons attach?
muscles to bone
10
what is rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency
11
what are the functions of the skeletal system? (5)
1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. storage
5. blood cell production
2. protection
3. movement
4. storage
5. blood cell production
12
what is the other name for shoulder blade?
scapula
13
what is the connective tissue sheath of cartilage?
perichondrium
14
what are the stages of appositional growth? (5)
1. resting cartilage
2. proliferation
3. hypertrophy
4. calcification
5. ossification
2. proliferation
3. hypertrophy
4. calcification
5. ossification
15
what do proteoglycans do in the matrix of cartilage?
draw in water to resist compression
16
collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are constitutes of what substance?
bone matrix
17
what is osteogenesis imperfecta?
a genetic disorder where collagen forms abnormally
18
what determines the strength of bone?
The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite
19
which type of bone cells have roughened borders and secrete acids?
osteoclasts
20
which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?
osteocytes
21
Where do you find lamellar bone? What does it look like?
mature bones in sheets
22
where do you find trabeculae?
spongy bone
23
what is the passageway connective neighboring osteocytes?
canaliculi
24
what do we call blood vessels perpendicular to the long axis of the bone?
perforating/volkmann's canal
25
what structure covers the outside of bone?
periosteum
26
what is the function of red bone marrow?
produce blood cells
27
if your patient presents with fracture of shaft of humerus, where is the fracture?
surgical neck??????
28
what is the function of yellow bone marrow?
fat/energy storage
29
what is the site of longitudinal growth of bones in humans?
epiphyseal plate
30
what do we call the end of a long bone?
epiphysis
31
what are the steps of bone repair?
1. hematoma (blood clot) fills in gap between bone fragments
2. fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form soft callus
3. osteoblasts build a bone callus
4. bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
2. fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form soft callus
3. osteoblasts build a bone callus
4. bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
32
which collagen fibers connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum and to bone?
perforating/sharpeys fibers
33
what kind of fracture has two bone sections that do not separate?
greenstick fracture
34
what are the air filled spaces in flat and irregular bones called and what is their function?
sinuses for resonating chamber and reducing weight
35
when does bone remodeling occur?
throughout life
36
if you have a young boy exhibiting advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics, what caused it?
hypersecretion of testosterone??
37
what is required for the absorption of calcium?
vitamin D
38
normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of what in your diet?
vitamin D
39
where do the flat bones of the skull develop from? what kind of connective tissue?
intramembranous ossification using embyonic connective tissue
intramembrous ossification -
intramembrous ossification -
40
endochondral ossification -
- built from a membrane of embyonic connective tissue
- built on a model of hyaline cartilage
- built on a model of hyaline cartilage
41
what does a black area in an X-ray in the epiphyseal location mean?
the area hasn't ossified and is still an epiphyseal plate (instead of line)
42
what is the sequence of event that produces growth at epiphyseal plate?
43
what is the sequence of events that produces growth at epiphyseal plate? (5)
1. resting cartilage
2. proliferation
3. hypertrophy
4. calcification
5. ossification
2. proliferation
3. hypertrophy
4. calcification
5. ossification
44
what is the location where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification called?
primary ossification center
45
what is osteomyelitis?
inflammation of boneone marrow
46
what are the most common consequences of osteoporosis?
bones become weak and brittle, more prone to fractures and a decreased rate of healing
47
what is osteomalacia, and what is it caused by?
bones aren't mineralized properly because of vitamin D deficiency
48
where do you find the sagittal suture?
between the parietal bones
49
example of syndesmosis? (held by ligaments)
radius and ulna
50
what is the joint between the teeth and the mandibular bone?
gomphosis
51
most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are what type?
synovial joints
52
What is the function of a bursa?
reduce friction
53
what is the function of hyaluronic acid?
lubricant and shock absorber
54
what is the function of articular cartilage?
reduces friction and absorbs shock
55
the cubital joint is an example of what kind of joint?
hinge joint
56
if you bow your head, what type of movement is that?
flexion
57
the knee joint is an example of what type of joint?
synovial hinge joint
58
abnormal forced extension beyond the normal range of motion is called.....
hyperextension
59
the ligament at the head of the femur is called....?
ligamentum teres
60
what is the motion of the foot if you go on your tippy toes?
plantar flexion
61
what is the motion of the foot if you pull your toes upwards?
dorsiflexion
62
If you rotate your forearm and your palm is faced anteriorly what is this called?
supination
63
what is osteoarthritis?
wear and tear, injuries, age. causes pain, stiffness, and mobility loss in joints.
64
which ligament helps keep the head erect?
ligamentum nuchae
65
The pituitary gland sits on what bone?
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
66
what happens if you have failure of palatine process of maxilla to fuse?
cleft palate
67
what is the coxal bone a person sits on?
ischial tuberosity
68
where do you find the dens or odontoid bone?
Axis (C2)
69
what is the junction between two pubic bones?
pubic symphysis
70
what is the common name for sternum?
breastbone
71
lateral malleolus is part of what bone?
fibula
72
what bone is the greater trochanter on?
femur
73
what do we call the olecranon process of ulna?
elbow
74
what is your coxal bone?
hip bone
75
which cranial bone forms the ridges and the roof of your orbits?
frontal bone
76
what condition doesn't allow the vertebral laminae to fuse?
spina bifida
77
What condition results from the exaggeration of the lumbar curvature?
lordosis
78
what results from damage to the annulus fibrosus and release of nucleus pulposus?
herniated disc
79
if someone is rear ended, what is the overextension of their head called?
whiplash
80
what is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?
scoliosis
81
what is the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas (C1)
82
what is the common name for patella?
kneecap
83
the thumb and big toe are similar in that they have.....?
only distal and proximal phalanges, no middle
84
if a patients ear is leaking cerebral spinal fluid, what bone did they damage?
temporal bone
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